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48'
96'
304'
400'
200'
1 NM 2 NM
10 NM
V186
Positive course guidance must be acquired
within 10 NM for straight departures and
within 5 NM. for departures requiring turns.
Required climb gradient
of 200 feet per NM
Obstacle Clearance
Surface (OCS)
Slope of 152 feet per NM or 40:1
Departure end
of the runway (DER)
Figure 2-15. Previous TERPS Design Criteria for Departure Procedures.
2-14
35'
152'
48'
96'
304'
400'
200'
1 NM 2 NM
10 NM
Required climb gradient
of 200 feet per NM
Obstacle Clearance
Surface (OCS)
Approach End of Runway (AER) – The first portion of
the runway available for landing. If the runway threshold
is displaced, the displaced threshold latitude/longitude
is the AER.
Slope of 152
feet per NM
or 40:1
15
Runway
Centerline Extended
Departure End of Runway (DER) – The end of runway
available for the ground run of an aircraft departure. The
end of the runway that is opposite the landing threshold,
sometimes referred to as the stop end of the runway.
Start End of Runway (SER) – The beginning of the
takeoff runway available.
Landing Distance Available (LDA) – The length of runway
that is declared available and suitable for the ground run
of an airplane landing.
Minimum Assumed
“at or above” Intended
Aircraft Climb Path
Initial Climb Area (ICA) – The ICA is the segment of the
departure procedure that starts at the DER and proceeds
along the runway centerline extended to allow the aircraft
sufficient distance to reach an altitude of 400 feet above DER
elevation, and to allow the establishment of positive course
guidance by all navigation systems. A typical straight
departure ICA extends 2-5 nautical miles from the DER along
the runway centerline extended. It is 500 feet wide each side
of the runway centerline at DER, then splays out at 15°.
Takeoff Runway Available (TORA) – The length
of runway declared available and suitable for
the ground run of an airplane takeoff.
Takeoff Distance Available (TODA) –The length
of the takeoff runway available plus the length
of the clearway, if provided.
Accelerate-Stop Distance Available (ASDA) –
The runway plus stopway length declared
available and suitable for the acceleration and
deceleration of an airplane aborting a takeoff.
First
Significant
Obstacle
Clearway
75 Meters
(247 Feet)
TORA
TODA
TORA
ASDA
Stopway
Positive Course Guidance (PCG) –
A continuous display of navigational
data that enables an aircraft to be
flown along a specific course line,
e.g., radar vector, RNAV, groundbased NAVAID. PCG must be
acquired within 10 NM for straight
departures and within 5 NM for
departures requiring turns.
Figure 2-16. New TERPS Design Criteria for Departure Procedures.
above the starting elevation gained by an aircraft departing to a minimum altitude to clear an obstacle that penetrates the OCS is the ROC. The required climb gradient
depicted in ODPs is obtained by using the formulas:
These formulas are published in TERPS Volume 4 for
calculating the required climb gradient to clear obstacles.
The following formula is used for calculating climb gradients for other than obstacles, i.e., ATC requirements:
Obstacles that are located within 1 NM of the DER and
penetrate the 40:1 OCS are referred to as “low, close-in
obstacles.” The standard ROC of 48 feet per NM to clear
these obstacles would require a climb gradient greater
than 200 feet per NM for a very short distance, only until
the aircraft was 200 feet above the DER. To eliminate
publishing an excessive climb gradient, the obstacle
AGL/MSL height and location relative to the DER is
noted in the Take-off Minimums and (OBSTACLE)
Departure Procedures section of a given TPP booklet.
The purpose of this note is to identify the obstacle and
alert the pilot to the height and location of the obstacle
so they can be avoided. [Figure 2-17]
Departure design, including climb gradients, does not
take into consideration the performance of the aircraft; it
only considers obstacle protection for all aircraft. TERPS
criteria assumes the aircraft is operating with all available
engines and systems fully functioning. When a climb gradient is required for a specific departure, it is vital that
pilots fully understand the performance of their aircraft
and determine if it can comply with the required climb.
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Instrument Procedures Handbook (IPH)仪表程序手册上(50)
