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where two NAVAIDs, an intersection and a NAVAID, a
NAVAID and a NAVAID radial and distance point, or
any navigable combination of these route descriptions
follow in succession.
SUBSTITUTE EN ROUTE FLIGHT PROCEDURES
Air route traffic control centers are responsible for specifying essential substitute airway and route segments and
fixes for use during VOR/VORTAC shutdowns.
Scheduled shutdowns of navigational facilities require
planning and coordination to ensure an uninterrupted
flow of air traffic. A schedule of proposed facility shutdowns within the region is maintained and forwarded as
far in advance as possible to enable the substitute routes
to be published. Substitute routes are normally based on
VOR/VORTAC facilities established and published for use in
the appropriate altitude strata. In
the case of substitute routes in
the upper airspace stratum, it may
be necessary to establish routes
by reference to VOR/VORTAC
facilities used in the low altitude
system. Nondirectional radio beacon (NDB) facilities may only be
used where VOR/VORTAC coverage is inadequate and ATC
requirements necessitate use
of such NAVAIDs. Where
operational necessity dictates,
navigational aids may be used
beyond their standard service
volume (SSV) limits, provided that the routes can be
given adequate frequency protection.
Figure 3-3. Preferred IFR Routes.
3-4
The centerline of substitute routes must be contained
within controlled airspace, although substitute routes
for off-airway routes may not be in controlled airspace. Substitute routes are flight inspected to verify
clearance of controlling obstacles and to check for
satisfactory facility performance. To provide pilots
with necessary lead time, the substitute routes are submitted in advance of the en route chart effective date. If
the lead time cannot be provided, the shutdown may be
delayed or a special graphic NOTAM may be considered. Normally, shutdown of facilities scheduled for 28
days (half the life of the en route chart) or less will not
be charted. The format for describing substitute routes
is from navigational fix to navigational fix. A minimum
en route altitude (MEA) and a maximum authorized
altitude (MAA) is provided for each route segment.
Temporary reporting points may be substituted for the
out-of-service facility and only those other reporting
points that are essential for air traffic control. Normally,
temporary reporting points over intersections are not
necessary where Center radar coverage exists. A minimum reception altitude (MRA) is established for each
temporary reporting point.
TOWER EN ROUTE CONTROL
Within the NAS it is possible to fly an IFR flight without leaving approach control airspace, using tower en
route control (TEC) service. This helps expedite air
traffic and reduces air traffic control and pilot communication requirements. TEC is referred to as “tower en
route,” or “tower-to-tower,” and allows flight beneath
the en route structure. Tower en route control reallocates airspace both vertically and geographically to
allow flight planning between city pairs while remaining with approach control airspace. All users are
encouraged to use the TEC route descriptions in the
Airport/Facility Directory when filing flight plans. All
published TEC routes are designed to avoid en route
airspace, and the majority are within radar coverage.
[Figure 3-4]
The graphic depiction of TEC routes is not to be used
for navigation or for detailed flight planning. Not all
city pairs are depicted. It is intended to show geographic areas connected by tower en route control.
Pilots should refer to route descriptions for specific
flight planning. The word “DIRECT” appears as the
route when radar vectors are used or no airway exists.
Also, this indicates that a SID or STAR may be
assigned by ATC. When a NAVAID or intersection
identifier appears with no airway immediately preceding or following the identifier, the routing is understood
to be direct to or from that point unless otherwise
cleared by ATC. Routes beginning and ending with an
airway indicate that the airway essentially overflies
the airport, or radar vectors will be issued. Where
more than one route is listed to the same destination,
ensure that the correct route for the type of aircraft
classification has been filed. These are denoted after
the route in the altitude column using J (jet powered),
M (turbo props/special, cruise speed 190 knots or
greater), P (non-jet, cruise speed 190 knots or
greater), or Q (non-jet, cruise speed 189 knots or less).
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Instrument Procedures Handbook (IPH)仪表程序手册上(64)
