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including military operation areas (MOA) and national
security areas (NSA).
Future data elements to be added are:
• Air Traffic Service (ATS) routes
• Class B, C, and D Airspace
• Terminal Navigation Aids
• ILS and LOC SIAPs with Localizer and
Glideslope records
• FIR/UIR Airspace
• Communication
Details about the NFD can be found at:
http://www.naco.faa.gov/index.asp?xml=naco/catalog/
charts/digital/nfd
The FAA has developed an implementation and development plan that will provide users with data in an
acceptable, open-industry standard for use in
GPS/RNAV systems. The established aviation industry
standard database model, Aeronautical Radio,
Incorporated (ARINC 424) format, includes the essential information necessary for IFR flight in addition to
those items necessary for basic VFR navigation.
Essentially the new FAA database will fulfill
requirements for operations within the NAS while
still providing the opportunity for private entities to
build upon the basic navigation database and provide users with additional services when desired.
Refer to Appendix A, Airborne Navigation
Databases for more detailed information.
As FAA and other government websites are continuously being changed and updated, be ready to use the
search feature to find the information or publications
you need.
2-1
SAFETY IN THE
DEPARTURE ENVIRONMENT
Thousands of IFR takeoffs and departures occur daily
in the National Airspace System (NAS). In order to
accommodate this volume of Instrument Flight Rule
(IFR) traffic, Air Traffic Control (ATC) must rely on
pilots to use charted airport sketches and diagrams as
well as standard instrument departures (SIDs) and
obstacle departure procedures (ODPs). While many
charted (and uncharted) departures are based on radar
vectors, the bulk of IFR departures in the NAS require
pilots to navigate out of the terminal environment to the
en route phase.
IFR takeoffs and departures are fast-paced phases of
flight, and pilots often are overloaded with critical
flight information. During takeoff, pilots are busy
requesting and receiving clearances, preparing their
aircraft for departure, and taxiing to the active runway. During IFR conditions, they are doing this with
minimal visibility, and they may be without constant
radio communication if flying out of a non-towered
airport. Historically, takeoff minimums for commercial operations have been successively reduced
through a combination of improved signage, runway
markings and lighting aids, and concentrated pilot
training and qualifications. Today at major terminals,
some commercial operators with appropriate equipment, pilot qualifications, and approved Operations
Specifications (OpsSpecs) may takeoff with visibility
as low as runway visual range (RVR) 3, or 300 feet
runway visual range. One of the consequences of
takeoffs with reduced visibility is that pilots are challenged in maintaining situational awareness during
taxi operations.
SURFACE MOVEMENT SAFETY
One of the biggest safety concerns in aviation is the surface movement accident. As a direct result, the FAA has
rapidly expanded the information available to pilots
including the addition of taxiway and runway information in FAA publications, particularly the IFR U.S.
Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) booklets and
Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD) volumes. The FAA
has also implemented new procedures and created edu-
cational and awareness programs for pilots, air traffic
controllers, and ground operators. By focusing resources
to attack this problem head on, the FAA hopes to reduce
and eventually eliminate surface movement accidents.
AIRPORT SKETCHES AND DIAGRAMS
Airport sketches and airport diagrams provide pilots
of all levels with graphical depictions of the airport
layout. The National Aeronautical Charting Office
(NACO) provides an airport sketch on the lower left or
right portion of every instrument approach chart.
[Figure 2-1] This sketch depicts the runways, their
length, width, and slope, the touchdown zone elevation, the lighting system installed on the end of the
runway, and taxiways.
For select airports, typically those with heavy traffic or
complex runway layouts, NACO also prints an airport
diagram. The diagram is located in the IFR TPP booklet following the
instrument approach
chart for a particular
airport. It is a fullpage depiction of
the airport that
includes the same
features of the airport sketch plus
additional details
such as taxiway
identifiers, airport
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Instrument Procedures Handbook (IPH)仪表程序手册上(40)
