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through the transition layer, set the altimeter to local station pressure. When departing and climbing through the
transition layer, use the standard altimeter setting (QNE)
of 29.92 inches of Mercury, 1013.2 millibars, or 1013.2
hectopascals. Remember that most pressure altimeters
are subject to mechanical, elastic, temperature, and
installation errors. Extreme cold temperature differences
also may require a correction factor.
REPORTING PROCEDURES
In addition to acknowledging a handoff to another
Center en route controller, there are reports that should
be made without a specific request from ATC. Certain
reports should be made at all times regardless of
whether a flight is in radar contact with ATC, while
others are necessary only if radar contact has been lost
or terminated. Refer to Figure 3-23 on page 3-19 for a
review of these reports.
NONRADAR POSITION REPORTS
If radar contact has been lost or radar service terminated, the CFRs require pilots to provide ATC
with position reports over designated VORs and
intersections along their route of flight. These
compulsory reporting points are depicted on
NACO IFR en route charts by solid triangles.
Position reports over fixes indicated by open triangles are noncompulsory reporting points, and are
only necessary when requested by ATC. If on a
direct course that is not on an established airway,
report over the fixes used in the flight plan that
define the route, since they automatically become
compulsory reporting points. Compulsory reporting points also apply when conducting an IFR
flight in accordance with a VFR-on-top clearance.
Whether a route is on airways or direct, position
reports are mandatory in a nonradar environment,
and they must include specific information. A typical
position report includes information pertaining to aircraft position, expected route, and estimated time
of arrival (ETA). Time may be stated in minutes
only when no misunderstanding is likely to occur.
[Figure 3-24 on page 3-20]
3-18
COMMUNICATION FAILURE
Two-way radio communication failure procedures for
IFR operations are outlined in Part 91.185. Unless otherwise authorized by ATC, pilots operating under IFR are
expected to comply with this regulation. Expanded procedures for communication failures are found in the
AIM. Pilots can use the transponder to alert ATC to a
radio communication failure by squawking code 7600.
[Figure 3-25 on page 3-20] If only the transmitter is
inoperative, listen for ATC instructions on any operational receiver, including the navigation receivers. It is
possible ATC may try to make contact with pilots over a
VOR, VORTAC, NDB, or localizer frequency. In addition
to monitoring NAVAID receivers, attempt to reestablish
communications by contacting ATC on a previously
assigned frequency, calling a FSS or Aeronautical Radio
Incorporated (ARINC).
The primary objective of the regulations governing communication failures is to preclude extended IFR no-radio
operations within the ATC system since these operations
may adversely affect other users of the airspace. If the
radio fails while operating on an IFR clearance, but in
VFR conditions, or if encountering VFR conditions at
any time after the failure, continue the flight under VFR
conditions, if possible, and land as soon as practicable.
The requirement to land as soon as practicable should
not be construed to mean as soon as possible. Pilots
retain the prerogative of exercising their best judgment
and are not required to land at an unauthorized airport, at
an airport unsuitable for the type of aircraft flown, or to
land only minutes short of their intended destination.
However, if IFR conditions prevail, pilots must comply
with procedures designated in the CFRs to ensure aircraft separation.
If pilots must continue their flight under IFR after experiencing two-way radio communication failure, they
should fly one of the following routes:
• The route assigned by ATC in the last clearance
received.
Figure 3-22. Altimeter Setting Changes.
3-19
• If being radar vectored, the direct route from the
point of radio failure to the fix, route, or airway
specified in the radar vector clearance.
• In the absence of an assigned route, the route ATC
has advised to expect in a further clearance.
• In the absence of an assigned or expected route,
the route filed in the flight plan.
It is also important to fly a specific altitude should
two-way radio communications be lost. The altitude
to fly after a communication failure can be found in
Part 91.185 and must be the highest of the following
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Instrument Procedures Handbook (IPH)仪表程序手册上(73)
