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altitude (RA) and can be found in the specific aircraft’s
AFM. [Figure 5-39]
Both CAT II and III approaches require special ground
and airborne equipment to be installed and operational,
as well as special aircrew training and authorization.
The OpsSpecs of individual air carriers detail the
requirements of these types of approaches as well as
their performance criteria. Lists of locations where
each operator is approved to conduct CAT II and III
approaches can also be found in the OpsSpecs.
ILS APPROACHES TO PARALLEL RUNWAYS
Airports that have two or three parallel runways may
be authorized to use parallel approaches to maximize
the capacity of the airport. There are three classifications of parallel ILS approaches, depending on the
runway centerline separation and ATC procedures.
PARALLEL
Parallel (dependent) ILS approaches are allowed at
airports with parallel runways that have centerlines
separated by at least 2,500 feet. Aircraft are allowed
to fly ILS approaches to parallel runways; however,
the aircraft must be staggered by a minimum of 1 1/2
NM diagonally. Aircraft are staggered by 2 NM
diagonally for runway centerlines that are separated
by more than 4,300 feet and up to but not including
9,000 feet, and that do not have final monitor air
traffic controllers. Separation for this type of
approach is provided by radar. [Figure 5-40]
Though this type of approach procedure is approved
for several airports, it is not required that the approach
chart contain information notifying flight crews of the
use of parallel approaches. Therefore, a pilot may not
know that parallel approaches are approved or used at a
specific airport based on the information contained on
the chart. ATC normally communicates an advisory
over ATIS that parallel approach procedures are in
effect. For example, pilots flying into Sacramento,
California may encounter parallel approach procedures. [Figure 5-41]
SIMULTANEOUS
Simultaneous parallel ILS approaches are used at
authorized airports that have between 4,300 feet and
9,000 feet separation between runway centerlines. A
dedicated final monitor controller is required to
monitor separation for this type of approach, which
Figure 5-39. Category III Approach Procedure.
Dependent Parallel
ILS Approaches
2,500'
or
Greater
Staggered
Separation
1
1
/ 2 Miles
Minimum
Separation
Figure 5-40. Parallel (Dependent) ILS Approach Separation
Criteria.
5-53
eliminates the need for staggered approaches. Final
monitor controllers track aircraft positions and issue
instructions to pilots of aircraft observed deviating
from the LOC course. [Figure 5-42]
Triple simultaneous approaches are authorized
provided the runway centerlines are separated by
at least 5,000 feet and are below 1,000 feet MSL
airport elevation. Additionally, for triple parallel
approaches above airport elevations of 1,000 feet
MSL, ASR with high-resolution final monitor aids
or high update RADAR with associated final monitor aids is required.
As a part of the simultaneous parallel approach
approval, normal operating zones and non-transgression zones must be established to ensure proper
flight track boundaries for all aircraft. The normal
operating zone (NOZ) is the operating zone within
which aircraft remain during normal approach
operations. The NOZ is typically no less than 1,400
feet wide, with 700 feet of space on either side of
the runway centerline. A no transgression zone
(NTZ) is a 2,000-foot wide area located between
the parallel runway final approach courses. It is
equidistant between the runways and indicates an
area within which flight is not authorized. [Figure
5-43 on page 5-54] Any time an aircraft breaches the
NTZ, ATC issues instructions for all aircraft to break
off the approach to avoid potential conflict.
PRECISION RUNWAY MONITOR
Simultaneous close parallel (independent) ILS PRM
approaches are authorized for use at airports that have
parallel runways separated by at least 3,400 feet and no
more than 4,300 feet. [Figure 5-44 on page 5-54] They
are also approved for airports with parallel runways separated by at least 3,000 feet with an offset LOC where
the offset angle is at least 2.5 degrees but no more
than 3 degrees. The offset LOC approaches are
referred to as Simultaneous Offset Instrument
Approaches (SOIA) and are discussed in depth later
in this chapter.
The PRM system provides the ability to accomplish
simultaneous close parallel (independent) ILS
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Instrument Procedures Handbook (IPH)仪表程序手册上(137)
