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performed.
Table 6: Taskwork categories and observable behaviours
Factor Description Actions Mode/Medium/Storage/Origin/Destination
Physical Load
Manage Information
Operate equipment
Create message
Receive message
Read message
Forward message
Store/File message
Transcribe Information
Update Map
Use Phone
Use Radio
Operate computer
Text/verbal
Electronic/paper/manual
Overlays/Map, Status board,
meetings/orders groups, radio/CP logs
Higher/Lower/Cell
Temporal Load
Time taken to perform task
Sequence in which are actions performed
A critical element of examining taskwork is identifying behavioural indicators of
cognitive function, such as information processing and problem solving. This was a
far more difficult aspect of the observational data collection process, and requires
ongoing preliminary research. It may be the case that observational methods are not
a feasible way of generating such data, and that Applied Cognitive Task Analysis
(ACTA), as suggested by Klein (1997), is a more appropriate methodology. The only
drawback to using ACTA is that it requires lengthy structured interviews with
subject matter experts. Access to military personnel for an extended interview is
often not possible. The suggestion is for continued preliminary research on methods
of inferring cognitive processes and frustration using observational techniques. It
would also be valuable to further explore ACTA to assess whether it can be
conducted in a manner that reduces the amount of time required from military
personnel.
8.1.3.2 Taskwork Sampling Methods
Because they tend to consist of behavioural states, instantaneous scan sampling will
be the appropriate method of measuring taskwork categories. In a low tempo
operation, such as EX-RC00, a 5 minute sample was found to be adequate to generate
an accurate representation of behaviour. In faster tempo scenarios, it may be
necessary to increase this to a 1 minute sample rate. However, such a decision can
only be made after a preliminary observation period (as occurred on the first night of
EX RC00).
8.2 Trial Data
Figures 8 to 12 display the data on team behaviour collected during EX RC00.
Mission Analyses/Decision making was not observed at a level that could be
graphed. As was mentioned, future research should focus on monitoring these
behaviours during the MAP to determine the usefulness of the category. It must also
be emphasised that these data serve as an assessment of the usefulness of the
DSTO-TR-1034
27
measuring team behaviour using this approach. The observations are not intended
to be diagnostic of the performance of personnel during the exercise.
The data suggest that the categories are a viable method of developing a taxonomy of
team behaviour in Army HQ. Such a taxonomy can then be used to generate a
Behaviour System of HQ functioning that can be used to guide command support
system design.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Clarification
Maintain
Position
Volunteer
Suggestion
Offer Opinion
Correct
Mistake
Assertiveness
Mean frequency per hour
Figure 8. Mean frequency per hour of Assertiveness in OPS cell at Bn and CHQ
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Identify
Problem
Detect
Situation
Provide
Update
Pre-empt Info
Requirements
Clarify Tasks
Clarify Role
Situation Awareness
Mean frequency per hour
Figure 9. Mean frequency per hour of Situation Awareness in OPS cell at Bn and CHQ
DSTO-TR-1034
28
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Specifiy Tasks
Request Input
Provide
Feedback
Explain
Requirements
Listen to
Concerns
Leadership
Mean frequency per hour
Figure 10. Mean Frequency per hour of Leadership in OPS cell at Bn and CHQ
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Request
Volunteer
Provide
Repeat
Pass
Ask for Repeat
Acknowledge
Seek clarification
Standard
Terminology
Non-standard
General Discussion
Ask for Quiet
Communication
Mean frequency per hour
Figure 11. Mean Frequency per hour of Communication in OPS cell at Bn and CHQ
DSTO-TR-1034
29
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Banter
Belittle
Humourous
Morale
Mean frequency per hour
Figure 12. Mean Frequency per hour of Morale in OPS cell at Bn and CHQ
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