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experience does impact on their performance, and should be taken into account, to
assess the team as objectively as possible, it is necessary to observe it in operation.
Categorisation of observed behaviours needs to be made explicit when using this
method (see Section 3 for a detailed description of methods involved in formally
collecting behavioural data). The categorisations or rating scales should allow the
observer, after suitable training, to reliably score behaviour. This is an important
step. The reliability of a rating scale can be calculated by comparing the degree of
correlation across independent observers using the same scale on the same event. A
high degree of correlation between the independent observers shows that the scale
can be used to generate reliable information.
Smith-Jentsch, Johnston and Payne (1998) developed reliable and diagnostic ratings
of critical team processes. They advocate an event-based approach to obtaining
measures of individual and team processes that can be empirically linked to
important outcomes. Their research was conducted as part of the TADMUS project,
and defined four factors that were highly correlated with performance:
• Communication (how information is exchanged),
• Information Transfer (what information is exchanged),
• Team Supportive Behaviours (how the team interacts)
• Team Initiative (defining goals and roles)
In a similar study by Serfaty, Entin and Deckert (1994), 73% of the variance was
accounted for by the Team Performance Outcome Measure (TPOM). Likewise,
Serfaty and Entin (1997), using a teamwork observational form, found that 15
behaviourally anchored items across 6 dimensions accounted for 86% of variance in
performance. In summary, these results suggest that to understand and subsequently
enhance command performance, one must focus on the team behaviour.
1.5 Towards a Predictive Model of Performance: The Behaviour
Systems Approach
It should also be noted that this report is part of a longer-term research project that
aims to develop a theoretical framework for predicting performance in C2. The
Behaviour Systems approach adopts an ecological framework and has the advantage
of embedding behaviour within a complex system. When dealing with a complex
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sociotechnical system such as an Army HQ, such an approach is vital in ensuring
valid conclusions are drawn.
It is beyond the scope of this report to provide a detailed overview of the Behaviour
Systems approach. Instead, the following information is provided to give the reader
a general sense of the approach, while the reader is referred to Timberlake (1998) for
greater detail.
By adopting an ecological framework, the analyst seeks to set performance within
the functional context in which it resides. The approach assumes that the subject
comes equipped with organised stimulus sensitivities, processing capacities,
response structures and integrative states that are designed to produce adaptive
behaviour in particular environments. Learning and changes in behaviour occur as
modifications in the operation, inclusion and linkage of different mechanisms. An
ecological analysis of behaviour considers how, where and to what end the operation
of a functioning system is modified by experience. The subject must interpret the
altered environmental stimuli within an evolved and developed functional
framework.
The Behaviour Systems approach attempts to formalise this process into a predictive
model. A more developed model incorporates data from behavioural observations,
physiological characteristics, and experimental manipulations. To begin with,
however, the analyst should focus on developing a baseline of the structure and
processes of the system. In fact, to be able to generate predictions, it is necessary to
have a baseline model of the functioning system. Timberlake (1998) describes the
following steps in developing a predictive model of behaviour:
1. Pose a question about how the subject works in a functional context. For
example, what are the mechanisms involved in the decision making process of
the CO of a Battalion HQ?
2. Assemble behavioural observations into a preliminary model of the structure and
processes that the subject brings to the relevant situation. The purpose of this
model is to provide information about the initial characteristics that the subject
brings to the circumstances under consideration. This model is unlikely to be
perfect, but it is necessary to start with a model of appropriate complexity that
allows analysis and testing in multiple ways. A simple model can limit
consideration of potentially important determinants, while starting off at too
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