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时间:2010-05-30 14:30来源:蓝天飞行翻译 作者:admin
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33.
On a cold day the density of the air increases so that the mass of air entering the compressor for a given engine speed is greater, hence the thrust or s.h.p, is higher. The denser air does, however, increase the power required to drive the compressor or compressors; thus the engine will require more fuel to maintain the same engine speed or will run at a reduced engine speed if no increase in fuel is available.

34.
On a hot day the density of the air decreases, thus reducing the mass of air entering the compressor and, consequently, the thrust of the engine for a given r.p.m. Because less power will be required to drive the compressor, the fuel control system reduces the fuel flow to maintain a constant engine rotational speed or turbine entry temperature, as appropriate; however, because of the decrease in air density, the thrust will be lower. At a temperature of 45 deg.C., depending on the type of engine, a thrust loss of up to 20 per cent may be experienced. This means that some sort of thrust augmentation, such as water injection (Part 17), may be required.

35.
The fuel control system (Part 10) controls the fuel flow so that the maximum fuel supply is held practically constant at low air temperature conditions, whereupon the engine speed falls but, because of the increased mass airflow as a result of the increase in air density, the thrust remains the same. For example, the combined acceleration and speed control fuel system (Part 10) schedules fuel flow to maintain a constant engine r.p.m., hence thrust increases as air temperature decreases until, at a predetermined compressor delivery pressure, the fuel flow is automatically controlled to maintain a constant compressor delivery pressure and,

 

气温下降增大了空气的密度。在发动机转速一定时,进入压气机的空气的质量就更大。这导致空气质量流量以较低的速率减少,在某种程度上补偿了由于大气压下降造成的推力损失,不过,在36,089以上至65,617英尺的高度,温度是不变的,推力或轴马力只受压力的影响。表示高度对推力、轴马力和油耗的典型影响的图表示于图21-6和图21-7。
高度的影响
 
32.随着高度的增加,大气的压力和温度都下降。这以两种相互有联系的方式影响发动机:
  压力下降减小了空气密度,因而在发动机转速一定时。进入发动机的空气质量流量减少。这造成推力或轴马力下降。正如第10章介绍的,燃油控制系统调节燃油泵的输出,以与空气的质量流最减少相匹配,因此保持发动机转速不变。
34.在热天,空气的密度降低,因而减少了进入压气机的空气的质量,所以在发动机转速一定时,也减少了发动机的推力。因为驱动压气机所需的功率较少,燃油控制系统减小燃油流量,以保持发动机转速不变,或需要时保持涡轮进口温度不变;不过,由于空气密度下降,推力将减小。在温度为45℃时,随发动机类型有所不同,推力损失可达20%。这意味着,可能需要某种推力增大方式,比如喷水(第17章)。
 
35.燃油控制系统(第10章)控制燃油流量,这样在气温低的情况下,实际上可保持最大供油量不变,因此,发动机转速下降,但是,由于空气密度增大而造成空气质量流量增大,推力仍保持不变。例如,综合的加速和速度控制燃油系统(第10章)可安排燃油流量,以保持发动机转速不变,因此,当气温降低时,推力增大,直到在一个预定的压气机出口压力时,燃油流量被自动控制,以保持压气机出口压力不变,因而保持推力不变。图21-8表示了一台双转子发动机的这一规律。这里受控制的发动机转速是  压气机的转速,此压气机的出口压力表示为P3。从这个图表上看,很显然,低压压气机的转速总是小于限定的最大值,而且两种转速的差因大气温度降低而减少。为防止低压压气机超速,燃油流量还受低压调节器的控制,在这种情况下,它起被动作用。
温度的影响

33.在冷天,空气的密度增大,这样,在发动机转速一定时进入压气机的空气质量就较大,因而推力或轴马力就较高。不过,空气密度增大,提高了驱动压气机所需的功率;因而为了保持相同的发动机转速,发动机就需要更多的燃油,或者供油量不增加,发动机就以较低的转速运转。
Performance


图21-6 高度对推力和油耗的影响

therefore, thrust. Fig. 21-8 illustrates this for a twin-spool engine where the controlled engine r.p.m. is high pressure compressor speed and the compressor delivery pressure is expressed as P3. It will also be apparent from this graph that the low pressure compressor speed is always less than its limiting maximum and that the difference in the two speeds is reduced by a decrease in ambient air temperature. To prevent the L.P. compressor over-speeding, fuel flow is also controlled by an L.P. governor which, in this case, takes a passive role.
图21-7 高度对轴马力和油耗的影响

36. The pressure ratio control fuel system (Part 10) schedules fuel flow to maintain a constant engine pressure ratio and, therefore, thrust below a prede-
推进效率
 
37.喷气发动机的性能不仅与产生的推力有关,而且与将燃油的热能有效地转变成用喷气速度来表示的动能有关,还与最好地利用这种速度来推动飞机向前飞行,即推进系统的效率有关。
36.增压比控制燃油系统(第10章)可安排燃油流量,以保持发动机增压比不变,因此,在低于预定的大气温度时推力不变。在这个温度之上,燃油流量得到自动控制,以防止涡轮进口温度超过限制,因而导致推力下降。总的来说.其曲线特性与图21-8中表示的类似。在三转子发动机中,增压比表示为P4/P1,即高压压气机出口压力/发动机进口压力。
 
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