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backward linear acceleration, or to a forward linear decceleration has the opposite
effect.
Vestibular Illusions
(Somatogravic - Utricle and Saccule) Illusions involving the utricle and
the saccule of the vestibular system are most likely under conditions with unreliable
or unavailable external visual references. These illusions include: the
Inversion Illusion, Head-Up Illusion, and Head-Down Illusion. A B C
The Inversion Illusion involves a
steep ascent (forward linear acceleration)
in a high-performance aircraft, followed
by a sudden return to level flight. When
the pilot levels off, the aircraft’s speed
is relatively higher. This combination of
accelerations produces an illusion that
the aircraft is in inverted flight. The pilot’s
response to this illusion is to lower
the nose of the aircraft.
The Head-Up Illusion involves a
sudden forward linear acceleration during level flight where the pilot perceives
the illusion that the nose of the aircraft is pitching up. The pilot’s response to
this illusion would be to push the yolk or the stick forward to pitch the nose
of the aircraft down. A night take-off from a well-lit airport into a totally dark
sky (black hole) or a catapult take-off
from an aircraft carrier can also lead
to this illusion, and could result in a
crash.
The Head-Down Illusion involves
a sudden linear deceleration
(air braking, lowering flaps, decreasing
engine power) during level flight
where the pilot perceives the illusion
that the nose of the aircraft is pitching
down. The pilot’s response to this illusion would be to pitch the nose of the
aircraft up. If this illusion occurs during a low-speed final approach, the pilot
could stall the aircraft.
The Proprioceptive Receptors
The proprioceptive receptors (proprioceptors) are special sensors located in
the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints that play a very small role in maintaining
spatial orientation in normal individuals. Proprioceptors do give some
indication of posture by sensing the relative position of our body parts in
relation to each other, and by sensing points of physical contact between body
parts and the surrounding environment (floor, wall, seat, arm rest, etc.). For
example, proprioceptors make it possible for you to know that you are seated
while flying; however, they alone will not let you differentiate between flying
straight and level and performing a coordinated turn.
How to Prevent Spatial Disorientation
The following are basic steps that should help prevent spatial disorientation:
• Take the opportunity to experience spatial disorientation illusions in a Barany
chair, a Vertigon, a GYRO, or a Virtual Reality Spatial Disorientation
Demonstrator.
• Before flying with less than 3 miles visibility, obtain training and maintain
proficiency in airplane control by reference to instruments.
• When flying at night or in reduced visibility, use the flight instruments.
• If intending to fly at night, maintain night-flight currency. Include crosscountry
and local operations at different airports.
• If only Visual Flight Rules-qualified, do not attempt visual flight when
there is a possibility of getting trapped in deteriorating weather.
• If you experience a vestibular illusion during flight, trust your instruments
and disregard your sensory perceptions.
Spatial Disorientation and Airsickness
It is important to know the difference between spatial disorientation and
airsickness. Airsickness is a normal response of healthy individuals when
exposed to a flight environment characterized by unfamiliar motion and
orientation clues. Common signs and symptoms of airsickness include: vertigo,
loss of appetite, increased salivation and swallowing, burping, stomach
awareness, nausea, retching, vomiting, increased need for bowel movements,
cold sweating, skin pallor, sensation of fullness of the head, difficulty concentrating,
mental confusion, apathy, drowsiness, difficulty focusing, visual
flashbacks, eye strain, blurred vision, increased yawning, headache, dizziness,
postural instability, and increased fatigue.
The symptoms are usually
progressive. First, the desire
for food is lost. Then, as saliva
collects in the mouth,
the person begins to perspire
freely, the head aches, and the
airsick person may eventually
become nauseated and vomit.
Severe airsickness may cause
a pilot to become completely
incapacitated.
Although airsickness is uncommon among experienced pilots, it does occur
occasionally (especially among student pilots). Some people are more susceptible
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