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• Emotional irritability.
• Indifference.
Consequences of CRD on the Flight Environment
• Increased frequency and severity of piloting errors during
aircraft operations.
• Increased frequency of operational incidents.
• Increased risk in aviation operations.
Resetting Your Biological Clock and Recovering
Once you have fallen victim to CRD, it is imperative to reset
your biological clock. Here’s how:
• Catch Some Rays. Exposing yourself to as much daylight
as possible might also be a good idea, because it has been
scientifically shown that bright light helps reset circadian
rhythms. In addition to resetting the clock, light has a
direct and positive affect by increasing brain serotonin
levels. At the same time, circadian light therapy has a
depressing affect on daytime melatonin, a clear link to
depression and sleep disorders.
• Be Active. When you arrive, taking a nap is the worst
thing you can do because it sets your body’s rhythms back
to home time. Staying active on arrival will help the body
adjust to the new time zone. Eating and sleeping are your
body’s time indicators, so it’s important to fit in with what
the locals are doing when you arrive. Consequently, if it’s
breakfast time, eat breakfast.
Coping With CRD While On Duty
• Sleep well at home before any flight.
• Try to get at least as much sleep per 24 hours as you
would normally at home.
• If you are sleepy, try to sleep. Employ strategic (combat)
napping techniques.
1. Whenever possible, take a 30-minute nap prior to a
long flight.
2. Avoid naps of more than 30 minutes, as they involve
deep sleep.
3. Taking a nap is better than not sleeping at all.
• Avoid pilot adaptation to a local circadian rhythm
following transmeridian flights with short layovers.
• Try to maintain the circadian rhythm from your place of
origin, and at the same, time try to sleep longer.
• Use caffeine strategically during the flight to counteract
circadian rhythm sleepiness.
• While in the cockpit seat, converse with others, stretch
your legs, and take regular breaks.
• Try to avoid night flights following a transmeridian flight.
• Transmeridian flights should be alternated with
intrameridian flights, enabling you to return to your
normal circadian rhythm.
Remember, circadian rhythm disruption can lead to acute or
even chronic fatigue. Fatigue in the cockpit has shown to be just
as debilitating as drugs and alcohol. Do not let CRD-induced
fatigue become a hindrance to aviation safety.
MEDICAL FACTS FOR PILOTS
Publication No. AM-400-09/3
Written by:
J.R. Brown
Melchor J. Antuñano, M.D.
Federal Aviation Administration
Civil Aerospace Medical Institute
To order copies of this brochure, contact:
FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute
Shipping Clerk, AAM-400
P.O. Box 25082
Oklahoma City, OK 73125
Telephone: (405) 954-4831
For more pilot and traveler safety information, see:
www.faa.gov/pilots/safety/pilotsafetybrochures/
An ‘Unconscious’ Landing
Plane Lands Itself in Hayfield as Pilot
Slumbers
PHYSICIAN ROBERT FRAYSER had lifted off
in his Comanche 400 from the North
Bend, Kansas, airport at 7 a.m., en route for
a meeting in Topeka. He was flying alone,
cruising at 5,500 feet on autopilot, with the
sun coming up on a clear, beautiful day. Per
established routine, he switched the fuel
selector to the auxiliary tank and set up the
navigation system for nearby Topeka.
About 90 minutes later, Dr. Frayser found
himself in a hay field. The engine was silent.
He was confused, disoriented, and groggy
as he struggled to rouse himself from a deep
sleep. His head was throbbing.
Thinking he was still in the air, he went
through his landing checklist. As he became
more oriented to his surroundings, a new
reality dawned: The airplane’s right wing was
nearly torn off from an impact with a tree, but
the plane was otherwise intact. Aside from
a fractured wrist, minor cuts, and bruises,
he seemed to be relatively uninjured. But
he had no idea where he was. He had no
memory of landing.
Dr. Frayser stated that there were no
early warnings or symptoms to alert him.
“I just went to sleep.” The plane, trimmed
for cruise flight and on autopilot, flew a
perfectly straight course over Kansas and
into Missouri until it ran out of fuel, and then
the autopilot gently brought the Comanche in
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