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Basic Components of a Fitness Program
An effective fitness program includes the following:
• Warm-up
• Flexibility and stretching
• Aerobic conditioning
• Anaerobic conditioning
• Cool-down and stretching
The Warm-Up and Stretch
The warm-up is an essential part of your
workout. It should be adjusted to meet
the needs of the type of exercise you
plan to perform. Warming your muscles
gives the body a chance to deliver plenty
of nutrient-rich blood to areas about to
be exercised and lubricates the joints.
The second part of the warm-up process
should include stretching. Its purpose
is to increase and maintain muscle
flexibility by increasing blood flow to
the muscles. Stretching should never
overextend the muscle or cause it to burn. With the increase in
flexibility and range of movement, stretching decreases the risk of
injury.
Aerobic (Cardio) Conditioning
Your workout should then involve an aerobic (better known as
cardio) activity. Aerobic exercise is any activity that uses large
muscle groups, can be maintained continuously, and is rhythmic
in nature. The exercise tasks the heart and lungs, causing them to
work harder than when at rest.
Some examples of aerobic activities:
• Bicycling (on a stationary bike, if preferred)
• Fitness walking (treadmill, if preferred)
• Jumping rope
• Running or jogging (treadmill, if preferred)
• Stair climbing (or Stairmaster, if preferred)
• Swimming
• Organized sports like softball, basketball, volleyball,
racquetball
Anaerobic (Resistance) Conditioning
The effectiveness of your workout would be greatly diminished if
it didn’t include some type of anaerobic, or resistance training, as
a basic component. This type of training tasks a particular muscle
or muscle group to increase its strength and/or tone. Exercises can
be done by using free-weights, resistance machines, and resistance
bands. While free-weights have the advantage of being the most
effective, they also have the disadvantage of being less safe.
Machines are inherently safer but are less effective. No matter
which route you choose, you should always consult a Certified
Fitness Professional for proper instruction on equipment use and
customizing a “lifting program” tailored to your specific needs.
Some examples of anaerobic exercise are:
• Squat
• Bench Press
• Deadlift
• Bicep Curl
• Triceps Extension
• Military Press
• Row
Cool-Down and Stretch
This is the finishing touch to your workout, a very important part
of an overall workout because it keeps the body active, prevents
the blood from pooling in your extremities, and flushes the muscles
of lactic acid. The cool-down should be performed at a lowintensity
of effort, starting with the major muscle groups. Similar
to the start of our workout, the cool-down period should also
involve stretching. A good cool-down with stretching also helps to
limit muscle soreness later.
Nutritional Considerations
Proper nutrition, fluid intake, rest, and
recuperation are important factors for
any healthy lifestyle. As your exercise
routine increases, these components
become more important, as the body
needs adequate supplies of these
ingredients to function properly. Eating well-balanced meals
helps to replenish the nutritional needs of muscles and aids in
recuperating from your workouts. A well-balanced meal involves
being aware of your intake—especially proteins, carbohydrates,
and fats. Most individuals involved in a moderate exercise lifestyle
benefit from a diet consisting of meals that are 50-55% complex
carbohydrates, 15–20% protein, and 25–35% fat. However, the
carbohydrate and protein intake percentages should change,
depending on the purpose of your exercise program.
Dehydration is a problem for most people, especially when they
begin a fitness program. Exercisers should drink more water than
ever before to avoid fatigue and cramping. The average, sedentary
person needs two to four quarts of water every 24 hours for normal
functioning. Depending on the workout, the weather, and your
physical condition, your water intake will need to be increased.
Your Exercise Program
• Can be very simple or very complex in nature
• Should fit your personal needs, lifestyle, and personality
• Should start slowly and build as you adapt; the old sports
adage, “no pain, no gain,” can be very harmful and should by
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