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the cellular level. Carbon dioxide, a relatively
innocuous fi re gas, increases the respiration
rate causing an increase in the uptake of the
other combustion gases. The decreased oxygen
level found in most fi re scenarios further enhances
the problem of getting enough oxygen
to the biological sites to maintain normal function.
Continued inhalation of these gases can
result in severe hypoxia. At high altitude where
oxygen levels are lower, the effects of carbon
monoxide and hydrogen cyanide are greatly
enhanced.
3
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Not all symptoms will necessar i ly be
experienced... Carbon monoxide poisoning produces
headache, weakness, nausea, dizziness,
confusion, dimness of vision,
disturbance of judgment, and unconsciousness
followed by coma and death. Although carbon
monoxide causes deleterious effects on the
central nervous system, death usually occurs
from cardiotoxicity.
Not all symptoms will necessarily be experienced
by every individual exposed to this
gas. Some have succumbed from inhaling low
carbon monoxide levels, while others have
survived breathing higher concentrations.
Hydrogen cyanide poisoning signs and symptoms
are weakness, dizziness, headache, nausea,
vomiting, coma, convulsions, and death.
Death results from respiratory arrest. Hydrogen
cyanide gas acts very rapidly—symptoms
and death can both occur quickly.
SURVIVAL
Knowledge of the less obvious hazards and a few
simple preparations can increase one’s chances... There is no universal best procedure to follow
in the event of an aircraft fi re because
no two fi res are likely to be the same. Extinguishing
the fi re, if possible, is the immediate
priority. An equally obvious second priority is
to breathe as little smoke for as short a duration
as possible.
Some larger aircraft are supplied with portable,
self-contained breathing masks for the
crew, but small private aircraft usually are not.
Any cloth held over the nose and mouth will
provide protection from smoke particulates; if
the cloth is wet, it will also absorb most of the
water-soluble gases (i.e., hydrogen cyanide
and hydrogen chloride).
Cabin venting will reduce the concentrations
of combustion gases, but is not usually a
viable option while actually fi ghting the fi re.
Knowledge of the less obvious hazards and
a few simple preparations can increase one’s
chances for survival in an aircraft fi re. A small,
hand-held fi re extinguisher can be used to put
out small onboard fi res. Careful inspection
and maintenance of cabin heaters will minimize
the chance of carbon monoxide leakage
into the cabin air system. A carbon monoxide
detector could also be installed in the cockpit
to detect the presence of this colorless,
odorless gas. As always, planning your probable
actions before an emergency arises will
increase your chances for acting quickly and
correctly.
Remember...
• Fires are the main hazard for the occupants
of a survivable crash
• A fi re generates smoke, heat, fl ame, and
light • Inhalation of toxic gases in smoke
is the primary cause of death in most
fi res
• Carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide
are the main toxic gases in smoke
• Exposure to carbon monoxide can also be
the result of faulty heaters
• A wet cloth held over the nose and
mouth provides some protection from
smoke inhalation
• A small, hand-held fi re extinguisher
should always be carried aboard general
aviation aircraft
• Install a carbon monoxide detector in the
cockpit
MEDICAL FACTS FOR PILOTS
Publication AM–400–95/1
Written by:
Arvind K. Chaturvedi, Ph.D.
Prepared by:
FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute
Aerospace Medical Education Division
To order copies of this brochure, write:
Federal Aviation Administration
Civil Aerospace Medical Institute
Shipping Clerk, AAM-400
P.O. Box 25082
Oklahoma City, OK 73125
Alteración del Ritmo Circadiano y Aviación
Todo es acerca del ritmo y los “Blues”
Las funciones biológicas de nuestro organismo trabajan en forma similar a un
reloj fino correctamente ajustado: Cada parte trabaja al unísono para mantener
a nuestro organismo en homeostasis (mantener el ambiente interno dentro de
límites tolerables). Sin embargo, cuando una pieza no funciona correctamente,
tiende a modificar el funcionamiento de otras piezas vitales y puede alterar la
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