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alcohol at a fairly constant rate - about 1/3 to 1/2
oz. of pure alcohol per hour, which is equivalent to
the amount of pure
alcohol contained in
any of the popular
drinks listed in
Table 1. This rate of
elimination of alcohol
is relatively constant,
regardless of the
total amount of
alcohol consumed.
In other words,
whether a person
consumes a few or
many drinks, the rate
of alcohol elimination
from the body is
essentially the same.
Therefore, the more
alcohol an individual consumes, the longer it takes
his/her body to get rid of it.
• Even after complete elimination of all of the
alcohol in the body, there are undesirable effectshangover-
that can last 48 to 72 hours following the
last drink.
• The majority of adverse effects produced by
alcohol relate to the brain, the eyes, and the inner
ear-three crucial organs to a pilot.
• Brain effects include impaired reaction time,
reasoning, judgment, and memory. Alcohol
decreases the ability of the brain to make use
of oxygen. This adverse effect can be magnified
as a result of simultaneous exposure to altitude,
characterized by a decreased partial pressure
of oxygen.
• Visual symptoms include eye muscle imbalance,
which leads to double vision and difficulty focusing.
• Inner ear effects include dizziness, and decreased
hearing perception.
• If other variables are added, such as sleep
deprivation, fatigue, medication use, altitude
hypoxia, or flying at night or in bad weather, the
negative effects are significantly magnified.
2
Table 2 summarizes some of the effects of various
blood alcohol concentrations. The blood alcohol
content values in the table overlap because of
the wide variation in alcohol tolerance among
individuals.
* Legal limit for motor vehicle operation in most
states is .08 or .10% (80-100 mg of alcohol per dL
of blood).
Table 2. Some of the effects of various blood
alcohol concentrations.
Type Beverage Typical Serving Pure Alcohol
(oz.) Content (oz.)
Table Wine 4 .48
Light Beer 12 .48
Aperitif Liquor 1.5 .38
Champagne 4 .48
Vodka 1 .50
Whiskey 1.25 .50
Table 1. Amount of alcohol in various alcoholic
beverages.
0.01-0.05
(10-50 mg%)
average individual appears
normal
0.03-0.12*
(30-120 mg%)
mild euphoria, talkativeness,
decreased inhibitions, decreased
attention, impaired judgment,
increased reaction time
0.09-0.25
(90-250 mg%)
emotional instability, loss of critical
judgment, impairment of memory
and comprehension, decreased
sensory response, mild muscular
incoordination
0.18-0.30
(180-300 mg%)
confusion, dizziness, exaggerated
emotions (anger, fear, grief)
impaired visual perception,
decreased pain sensation,
impaired balance, staggering
gait, slurred speech, moderate
muscular incoordination
0.27-0.40
(270-400 mg%)
apathy, impaired consciousness,
stupor, significantly decreased
response to stimulation, severe
muscular incoordination, inability
to stand or walk, vomiting,
incontinence of urine and feces
0.35-0.50
350-500 mg%
unconsciousness, depressed
or abolished reflexes, (abnormal
body temperature, coma; possible
death from respiratory paralysis
(450 mg% or above)
Studies of how alcohol affects pilot
performance
• Pilots have shown impairment in their ability to
fly an ILS approach or to fly IFR, and even to
perform routine VFR flight tasks while under the
influence of alcohol, regardless of individual flying
experience.
• The number of serious errors committed by pilots
dramatically increases at or above concentrations
of 0.04% blood alcohol. This is not to say
that problems don’t occur below this value.
Some studies have shown decrements in pilot
performance with blood alcohol concentrations as
low as the 0.025%.
Year General
Aviation
Pilot
Facilities
Pilots with
BAC of
0.02% or
more*
Pilots with
BAC of
0.04% or
more*
1987 341 13.5% 8.5%
1988 364 6.6% 6.3%
1989 349 12.9% 8.0%
1990 367 14.2% 7.9%
1991 379 12.9% 7.9%
1992 396 11.9% 7.3%
1993 338 12.7% 8.9%
*Some cases may include alcohol produced after
death by tissue decomposition.
BAC= Blood alcohol concentration
Table 3. Fatal general aviation accidents with
alcohol as possible contributing factor.
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Pilot Safety Brochures飞行员安全手册(4)
