16.
Wake turbulence categorization of aircraft and increased longitudinal separation minima
Note.— The term “wake turbulence” is used in this context to describe the effect of the rotating air masses generated behind the wing tips of large jet aircraft, in preference to the term ”wake vortex“ which describes the nature of the air masses. Detailed characteristics of wake vortices and their effect on aircraft are contained in the Air Traffic Services Planning Manual (Doc 9426), Part II, Section 5.
16.1 Wake turbulence categorization of aircraft
16.1.1 Wake turbulence separation minima shall be based on a grouping of aircraft types into three categories according to the maximum certificated take-off mass as follows:
a) HEAVY (H) — all aircraft types of 136 000 kg or more;
b) MEDIUM (M) — aircraft types less than 136 000 kg but more than 7 000 kg; and
c) LIGHT (L) — aircraft types of 7 000 kg or less.
16.1.2 Helicopters should be kept well clear of light aircraft when hovering or while air taxiing.
Note.— Helicopters produce vortices when in flight and there is some evidence that, per kilogramme of gross mass, their vortices are more intense than those of fixed-wing aircraft.
V. Aerodrome Control Service
16.2 Wake turbulence separation minima
Note.— The provisions governing wake turbulence radar separation minima are set forth in Part VI, Section 7.
16.2.1 The following non-radar separation minima shall be applied:
16.2.2 Arriving aircraft
16.2.2.1 For timed approaches, the following minima shall be applied to aircraft landing behind a HEAVY or a MEDIUM aircraft:
a) MEDIUM aircraft behind HEAVY aircraft — 2 minutes;
b) LIGHT aircraft behind a HEAVY or MEDIUM aircraft — 3 minutes.
16.2.3 Departing aircraft
16.2.3.1 Except as set forth in 16.2.3.2 a minimum of 2 minutes shall be applied between a LIGHT or MEDIUM aircraft taking off behind a HEAVY aircraft or a LIGHT aircraft taking off behind a MEDIUM aircraft when the aircraft are using:
a) the same runway;
b) parallel runways separated by less than 760 m;
c) crossing runways if the projected flight path of the second aircraft will cross the projected flight path of the first aircraft at the same altitude or less than 300 m (1 000 ft) below;
d) parallel runways separated by 760 m or more, if the projected flight path of the second aircraft will cross the projected flight path of the first aircraft at the same altitude or less than 300 m (1 000 ft) below.
Note.— See Figure V-6 and Figure V-7.
16.2.3.2 A separation minimum of 3 minutes shall be applied between a LIGHT or MEDIUM aircraft when taking off behind a HEAVY aircraft or a LIGHT aircraft when taking off behind a MEDIUM aircraft from:
a) an intermediate part of the same runway; or
b) an intermediate part of a parallel runway separated by less than 760 m.
Note.— See Figure V-8.
16.2.4 Displaced landing threshold
16.2.4.1 A separation minimum of 2 minutes shall be applied between a LIGHT or MEDIUM aircraft and a HEAVY aircraft and between a LIGHT aircraft and a MEDIUM aircraft when operating on a runway with a displaced landing threshold when:
a) a departing LIGHT or MEDIUM aircraft follows a HEAVY aircraft arrival and a departing LIGHT aircraft follows a MEDIUM aircraft arrival; or
b) an arriving LIGHT or MEDIUM aircraft follows a HEAVY aircraft departure and an arriving LIGHT aircraft follows a MEDIUM aircraft departure if the projected flight paths are expected to cross.
16.2.5 Opposite direction
16.2.5.1 A separation minimum of 2 minutes shall be applied between a LIGHT or MEDIUM aircraft and a HEAVY aircraft and between a LIGHT aircraft and a MEDIUM aircraft when the heavier aircraft is making a low or missed approach and the lighter aircraft is:
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