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health hazard is ingestion into the body. The low energy
significantly decreases the external radiation hazard. Tritium
converted to the oxided tritiated water is approximately
1,000 times more hazardous than the gas.
(2) FIRE HAZARD. Severe, when exposed to heat or
flame.
(3) HANDLING PROCEDURES.
(a) Wear gloves when handling items containing tritium.
(b) If an item containing tritium should break while
handling (such as an aircraft exit sign):
1 Wash hands immediately.
2 Clear and control access to the area.
3 Notify:
a Maintenance Control (MOC).
b Safety Officer.
c Base and AMARC Radiation Safety Officer.
d Your supervisor.
4 Provide positive ventilation into the area.
(c) Wrap all components containing tritium in plastic
prior to storage, supply turn-in or turn-in as radioactive
waste.
TO 00-105E-9
1
1
Table 3.4-1 Radioactive Hazards
Refer to Paragraph 3.4 for detailed discussion.
3-18
RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL AIRCRAFT LOCATION
Americium-241 Various FLIRS
Depleted Uranium (DU) A-10
C-5
C-130
C-140
C-141
F-16 (certain models)
H-3
DC/KC-10, L-1011, 747
30 mm Ammo
Ailerons, elevator
Ailerons, elevator, rudder
Rudder
Ailersons, elevator
Gun pods
Control stick
Ailerons, elevator, rudder
Krypton Most Oil level indicating system
Radium Various In paints to mark warning signs
Strontium-90 Helicopters Anti-ice detectors and blade integrity
Thorium Various Metal alloy, optical coating
Tritium Various Luminescent material as a gas or in paint
TO 00-105E-9
DEPLETED URANIUM (DU). (Article)
a. WHAT IS RADIATION? Radiation is defined as the
process of emitting radiant energy in the form of waves
or particles; alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays,
and x-rays are all examples. Radiation can be emitted
by radiation producing devices (i.e. medical x-ray machines)
or from radioactive materials. Many radioactive
materials exist naturally in the environment; uranium is
an example of one of these.
b. WHAT IS DEPLETED URANIUM? DU is a byproduct
of the uranium enrichment process and is natural uranium
depleted in the isotopes U-234 and U-235. Natural
uranium ore contains three isotopes in the following
weight percentages: approximately 99.3% U-238, 0.7%
U-235, and trace quantities of U-234. After enrichment,
the DU byproduct material contains a lower percentage
of U-234 and U-235, and thus a higher percentage of U-
238 (typically 99.7%). This “depletion” of U-234 and U-
235 leaves the DU in a less radioactive state, than naturally
occurring uranium. Due to the high abundance and
low fabrication costs of DU, industry and the military have
made extensive use of DU. The military is using DU in
munitions, shielding, and counterweights.
c. WHY USE DU AS A COUNTERWEIGHT? DU is
used as counterweights due to its high density (over 1.5
times that of lead), favorable material properties, low cost,
high density making it ideal for aircraft counterweights
where space is often limited. Counterweights may be
found in aircraft gyroscopes, flight controls, helicopter
blades, elevator balances, and aileron balances.
d. WHAT ARE THE HAZARDS FOUND IN DU? When
handled properly, DU produces very little hazard to the
worker or associated personnel. However, there are some
hazards associated with DU that must be understood by
personnel prior to working with the material.
e. RADIATION HAZARDS FROM DU. DU is a low level
radioactive material. DU emits alpha and beta particles,
and gamma rays. Alpha radiation exposure is most hazardous
when DU is ingested, inhaled, or otherwise internalized
into the body. Beta radiation is primarily a skin
exposure hazard when DU is in close proximity to the
body. Gamma radiation exposure is normally not a significant
hazard from DU, since a significant fraction of
the gamma rays emitted are self-absorbed by the DU.
(1) ALPHA PARTICLES. Are easily shielded and cannot
even penetrate the dead layer of skin. They present
no external radiation hazard but are an internal radiation
hazard under certain conditions. If DU is inhaled or ingested,
the emission of alpha particles can cause localized
cell damage. The most significant adverse health
hazard from this low level exposure is the risk for cancer
induction.
(2) BETA PARTICLES. Possesses a greater ability
to penetrate materials than alpha particles. Like alpha
particles, beta particle emissions present internal radiation
hazards if internally deposited. Externally radiation
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