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presence of a LOC did not influence ignition times or
heat release rates. The LOCs used on the F-22A start to
degrade much faster than the composite materials and
offer no protection against thermal damage to the underlying
materials.
3-52
(c) Two passive detection methods were used in an
attempt to identify the individual decomposition gases
using JP-8. The most common result was carbon monoxide
from the polymers and resins. After the resins are
consumed, fibers continue to burn producing carbon dioxide.
Plume models were not explored.
(d) NDI evaluation revealed that damage to the
composite material occurred in 20 seconds. Cone
calorimeter results confirmed that composite materials
ignited in under a minute for both the horizontal and
vertical positions, regardless of the presence of coatings.
Ignition time on average was 43 seconds using
samples from various aircraft locations.
(4) RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS.
(a) In addition to the current fire fighting procedures
set forth in TO 00-105E-9, firefighters need to treat aircraft
composite material pieces and its associated resins
as a fuel source.
(b) Fire fighting objectives include cooling of the entire
surface of the aircraft exposed to heat to prevent
thermal damage. Tactically, more cooling time and water
are required to bring composite components and
debris to ambient temperatures before the area can be
proclaimed fire safe.
(c) Improved fire response time or additional fire protection
equipment co-located with high risk aircraft should
be considered.
(5) SUMMARY.
Aircraft constructed with large quantites of composite
fibers constitute a significant change in firefighting
tactics. Rapid response, aircraft skin cooling, and resupply
of ARFF vehicles are key considerations since
an exterior fire can become an interior fire rapidly. Composite
aircraft present extra considerations, but with
proper fire tactics, are manageable. Firefighting PPE is
suitable for use in secondary operations until composite
fibers are sealed.
TO 00-105E-9
f. Postcrash Health Hazards from Burning Aircraft
Composites
NOTE
This Abstract is edited in its original format and moved
into this section with associated information.
Postcrash Health Hazards from Burning Aircraft Composites
Sanjeev Gandhi
Galaxy Scientific Corporation
Fire Safety Section, AAR-422
Federal Aviation Administration
William J. Hughes Technical Center
Atlantic City International Airport, NJ 08405
AN ABSTRACT
The release of toxic combustion products from advanced composite materials in aircraft fires presents an unusual
health risk to the various emergency response personnel. There is concern among the aviation fire fighting, rescue,
and recovery and investigation groups that a health hazard is posed by the combination of various combustion
products. This paper provides a review of the current scientific literature on the potential hazards from inhalation
exposure to airborne carbon fibers and the combusted resin residues which are released when there is a crash
impact, fire, and explosion involving advanced composites materials. Data collected from fire tests and crash-site
investigations suggested that a small fraction of the fibers released in fires and during recovery operations were of
respirable size and can be inhaled deep into the lung. However, most of the carbon fibers were 2-10 times larger
than the critical fiber size generally associated with asbestos toxicity. The concentration of carbon fibers was well
below the OSHA recommended levels for chronic exposure. Based on current published studies, no direct and
conclusive linkage can be made between human exposure to the airborne carbon fibers alone with any long-term
diseases. At issue, however, are the toxicological effects of the adsorbed combustion products generated in composite
fires. Chemical extraction analyses have shown that a large number of toxic organic compounds are adsorbed
on the fibers, several of which are known carcinogens in animals. Detailed toxicological studies are needed to
assess the long-term health effects from exposure to single high dose of fibrous particulates and any synergistic
interactions with the organic chemicals.
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TO 00-105E-9
INTRODUCTION
Aircraft mishaps involving advanced composite materials present unique safety, environmental, and potential health
hazards due to the disintegration of materials in postcrash fire, explosion, and high energy impact. There is growing
concern regarding the potential health risks encountered by the civilian and Airport Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF)
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