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or decomposition products generated in a large
fire. Flammability rating can change from 1 to 2 depending
on the type of coating. The reactivity rating of zero
was given because the material is stable under normal
fire conditions although it chemically changes, and will
decompose under high temperatures. Reactivity reassessment
is needed for hybrid composite systems and
for the addition of the coating materials.
A composite system is a combustible solid because the
matrix will ignite by heat or flame. As the matrix burns
volatile gases and smoke are released and char material
forms. Some resin types may melt and flow and others
just decompose. Depending on the fiber type, the
fiber may or may not be combustible. Some composite
systems may continue to burn when the fuel source has
been removed. Resin smoldering can occur and could
re-ignite. The burning material may produce a popping
noise. Imbedded metallic material may be found within
the surface layers of the composite aircraft part and could
change the fire characteristics of the composite. Lightweight
fibrous material can be thrown from the seat of
the fire. Boron coated fibers reacts exothermically with
molten aluminum and other metals at high temperatures.
Fires from a physically damaged carbon fiber composite
can produce airborne carbon fibers, if released during a
flaming combustion condition. Carbon fibers may linger
for a time after the flame is out right at the burnt pieces.
Avoid inhaling debris and dust when handling the wreckage.
Enclosed areas increase exposures for smoldering
gases and lingering fibers immediately following the fire.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive
and/or toxic and cause pollution.
(c) EQUIPMENT. Single carbon fibers and soot
is electrostatic. Because of this property, they have the
potential to cause electronic interference in unprotected
circuits, and electrical connections. Single carbon fibers
tend to settle in high voltage areas, which could cause
equipment malfunction or failure if a large concentration
develops. Carbon fiber fines (particulate) have abrasive
qualities. If they contaminate lubrication or hydraulic systems,
those systems can be at risk. Tests have shown
that widespread equipment failure is highly unlikely, but
the risk of equipment failure is always present if fibers
and soot are not contained and reasonable precautions
aren’t taken to minimize the likelihood of contamination.
(2) PUBLIC SAFETY. Make upwind direction known
and stay upwind with or without a fire condition. If a mishap
occurred during a fire in a populated area, advise to
remain in doors, shut doors and windows, turn off forced
air intake and wait for the plume to travel downwind.
There is a materials and particulate dispersion concern
from damaged composites. There can be a spread
of damaged materials around the site depending on the
mishap scenario. Keep unauthorized personnel away
from the pieces. If there are severely shattered and burnt
carbon fiber composites isolate a close-in area (30 - 80
feet*) in all directions immediately following the extinguishments
of flaming and smoldering conditions until a thorough
assessment is made. Downwind fiber fallout area
is dependent on wind speed and direction. Use mishap
cordon size established for other immediate hazards like
munitions (4000ft) or smoke plume (2000ft).
reactivity
TO 00-105E-9
3-66
Once the fibers fallout they will become integrated within
the environment. Re-suspension of fibers is highest immediately
after combustion conditions have ceased. Minimize
movement of debris and soil.
(a) PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Wear self-contained
breathing apparatus when fighting composite fires
and smoldering conditions. Full personnel protective
equipment will be worn for a flaming and smoldering combustion
state.Structural gear provides only limited protection.
If the fire fighter has to move in close to fight the
fire, the protective clothing should be decontaminated of
soot, combustion products and fiber as soon as possible.
(See paragraph 3.6c.)
(b) EVACUATION. Consider initial downwind
evacuation for 2000 feet during plume generation. Keep
everyone out of immediate area, if not, in SCBA for smoldering
conditions.
(3) EMERGENCY RESPONSE.
(a) FIRE. Composites can be a Class A or B fire
depending on the matrix type. Large quantities of water
will be required to extinguish large piles of smoldering
epoxy composites. AFFF is better suited for extinguishing
all conditions of composite fires. A pool fire should be
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