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necessary they shall be outlined in white to contrast with the
background.
6.2.4.2 If the corner markings are more than 2 m apart,
intermediate lines 9 cm × 3 cm shall be inserted so that there
is no more than 2 m between adjacent markings.
MARKING OF BREAK-IN POINTS (see 6.2.4)
Not over 2 m
9 cm 9 cm
9 cm
3 cm 3 cm
3 cm
Chapter 6 Annex 6 — Operation of Aircraft
6-3 12/31/111/0/016
No. 30
Note.— This Standard does not require any aeroplane to
have break-in areas.
6.3 Flight recorders
Note 1.— Flight recorders comprise two systems, a flight
data recorder (FDR) and a cockpit voice recorder (CVR).
Note 2.— Combination recorders (FDR/CVR) can only be
used to meet the flight recorder equipage requirements as
specifically indicated in this Annex.
Note 3.— Detailed guidance on flight recorders is contained
in Attachment D.
6.3.1 Flight data recorders — types
6.3.1.1 A Type I FDR shall record the parameters required
to determine accurately the aeroplane flight path, speed,
attitude, engine power, configuration and operation.
6.3.1.2 Types II and IIA FDRs shall record the parameters
required to determine accurately the aeroplane flight path,
speed, attitude, engine power and configuration of lift and drag
devices.
6.3.1.3 The use of engraving metal foil FDRs shall be
discontinued by 1 January 1995.
6.3.1.4 Recommendation.— The use of analogue FDRs
using frequency modulation (FM) should be discontinued by
5 November 1998.
6.3.1.4.1 The use of photographic film FDRs shall be
discontinued from 1 January 2003.
6.3.1.5 All aeroplanes for which the individual certificate
of airworthiness is first issued after 1 January 2005, which
utilize data link communications and are required to carry a
CVR, shall record on a flight recorder, all data link communications
to and from the aeroplane. The minimum recording
duration shall be equal to the duration of the CVR, and shall
be correlated to the recorded cockpit audio.
6.3.1.5.1 From 1 January 2007, all aeroplanes which utilize
data link communications and are required to carry a CVR shall
record on a flight recorder, all data link communications to and
from the aeroplane. The minimum recording duration shall be
equal to the duration of the CVR, and shall be correlated to the
recorded cockpit audio.
6.3.1.5.2 Sufficient information to derive the content of
the data link communications message and, whenever practical,
the time the message was displayed to or generated by the
crew shall be recorded.
Note.— Data link communications include, but are not
limited to, automatic dependent surveillance (ADS), controllerpilot
data link communications (CPDLC), data link-flight information
services (D-FIS) and aeronautical operational control
(AOC) messages.
6.3.1.6 Recommendation.— All aeroplanes of a maximum
certificated take-off mass over 5 700 kg, required to be
equipped with an FDR and a CVR, may alternatively be
equipped with two combination recorders (FDR/CVR).
6.3.1.7 Recommendation.— All multi-engined turbinepowered
aeroplanes of a maximum certificated take-off mass
of 5 700 kg or less, required to be equipped with an FDR
and/or a CVR, may alternatively be equipped with one
combination recorder (FDR/CVR).
6.3.1.8 A Type IA FDR shall record the parameters
required to determine accurately the aeroplane flight path,
speed, attitude, engine power, configuration and operation. The
parameters that satisfy the requirements for a Type IA FDR are
listed in the paragraphs below. The parameters without an
asterisk (*) are mandatory parameters which shall be recorded.
In addition, the parameters designated by an asterisk (*) shall
be recorded if an information data source for the parameter is
used by aeroplane systems or the flight crew to operate the
aeroplane.
6.3.1.8.1 The following parameters satisfy the requirements
for flight path and speed:
– Pressure altitude
– Indicated airspeed or calibrated airspeed
– Air-ground status and each landing gear air-ground
sensor when practicable
– Total or outside air temperature
– Heading (primary flight crew reference)
– Normal acceleration
– Lateral acceleration
– Longitudinal acceleration (body axis)
– Time or relative time count
– Navigation data*: drift angle, wind speed, wind direction,
latitude/longitude
– Groundspeed*
– Radio altitude*
6.3.1.8.2 The following parameters satisfy the requirements
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