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dry or partially dry basis is often used. The necessary
modfications to the relevant equations are described in 2.5
and 2.6.
EI(N0,) = (P, + P,
2.5 The interference effects are mainly caused by the
presence of CO, and &O in the sample which can affect the
CO and NO, analysers in basically different ways. The CO
analyser is prone to a zero-shifting effect and the NO,
analyser to a sensitivity change, represented thus:
[CO] = [CPI, + L[CO,I + M[QOl
2.2 Values for fuel hydrocarbon composition (m, n) are
assigned by fuel specification or analysis. If only the ratio and
n/m is so determined, the value m = 12 may be assigned. The
mole fractions of the dry air constituents (R, S, T) are [NO,], = [NOXI, (1 + L'[CO,I + M*[%Oll
Annex 16 - Environmental Protection Volume I1
which mansform into the following alternative equations to The following expression for K applies when CO and CO,
(6), (8) and (9), when interference effects require to be are determined on a "dry" basis:
corrected,
[CO],P, + LP, + MP, = p, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6A) (4 + (nlm) T + (InlmlT - %) ([NO,] - ~ [ ~ c l l l )
K =
[NO,], (PT + L'P, + M'PJ = qP, + P8 . . . . . . . . (8A) (2 + 4 + (nlm) (1 + hJ ([co21d + [COIJ)
[NO], (P, + L'P, + MP,)= P, . . . . . . . . . . . . .(9 A)
2.6 The option to measure CO, and CO concentrations
on a dry or partially dry sample basis, that is, with a sample
humidity reduced to h,, requires the use of modified
conditional equations as follows:
[CO,], (P, - P,) ( 1 + hd) = P1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (5A)
and
[Cold (P, - PJ (1 + h,) = P5
However, the CO analyser may also be subject to
interference effects as described in 2.5 above and so the
complete alternative CO measurement concentration equation
becomes
[COI,, (6 - PJ (1 + h,J
+ LP, + Mh, (P, - P,) = P, . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 6B)
3.3 Interference corrections
The measurements of CO andlor NO, and NO may require
correctioi~s for interference by the sample CO, and water
concentrations before use in the above analytical equations.
Such corrections can normally be expressed in the following
general ways:
[CO] = [CO]_ + L[CO,] * M[$Ol
[NO] = INOl, ( I * L' [COJ + M' IH,OI)
q [NO,] = (1~0~-1 [,N O],,,)( 1 + L1[COJ + M'[H,OI)
3. ANALYTICAL FORMULATIONS
3.1 General
Equations (1) to (10) can be reduced to yield the analytical
formulations for the EI and AFR parameters, as given in 7.1
3.4 Equation for estimation of
sample water content
to this appendix. This reduction is a process of progressive Water concentration in sample
elimination of the roots Po, P, through P,, P, mahng the
assumptions that all concentration measurements are of the (ln12ml + hlp0lml) ([co,+] [COl+ W l )
"wet" sample and do not require interference corrections or [%ol= -(~/2*) [HCl
the like. In practice the option is often chosen to make the 1 + T(P,,Im)
CO, and CO concentration measurements on a "dry" or
"semi-dry" basis; also it is often found necessary to make where
interference corrections. Formulations for use in these various
P,lm =
22 - (nlm)
circumstances are given in 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 below. 41 + h - 1ZZ121)
and
3.2 Eqnation for conversion of
dry concentration measurements
to wet basis
Concentration wet = K x concentralion dry; that is,
It should be noted that this estimate is a function of the
I l = K [ 1, various analyses concentration readings, which may thernAppendix
5 Annex I6 - Environmental Protection
selves require water interference correction. For better
accuracy an iterative procedure is required in these cases with
successive recalculation of the water concentration until the
requisite stability is obtained. The use of the alternative,
numerical solution methodology (4) avoids this difficulty.
4. ALTERNATWE METHODOLOGY -
NUMERICAL SOLUTION
4.1 As an alternative to the analytical procedures
summarized in 3 above, it is possible to obtain readily -the
emissions indices, fuellair ratio, corrected wet concentrations,
etc., by a numerical solution of equations (1) to (10) for each
set of nieasurements, using a digital computer.
4.2 In the equation set (1) to (10) the actual
concentration measurements are substituted using whichever
of the alternative equations (5A), (6A), etc. applies for the
particular measuring system, to take account of interference
corrections andlor dried sample measurements.
4.3 Suitable simple two-dimensional array equationsolving
computer programmes are widely available and their
use for this purpose is convenient and flexible, allowing ready
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