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expressed as
P T = P l + P 2 + P , + P 4 + P , + P 6 + P l + P , . . . . (10)
The above set of conditional equations is for the case
where all measured concentrations are true ones, that is, not
subject to interference effects or to the need to correct for
sample drying. In practice, interference effects are usually
EI(HC) = xP, [mz.u:,j expressed as methane equivalent present to a significant degree in the CO, NO, and NO
measurements, and the option to measure CO, and CO on a
dry or partially dry basis is often used. The necessary
\ modifications to the relevant eaudions are described in 2.5
and 2.6.
EI(N0J = (P, * P,) 1 ldMma I expressed as NO, equivalent
mM- * nM,
2.5 The interference effects are mainly caused by the
presence of CO, and H,O in the sample which can affect the
CO and the NO, analysers in basically different ways. The
CO analyser is prone to a zero-shifting effect and the NO,
analyser to a sensitivity change, represented thus:
[CO] = [CO], + L[C02] + M[H20]
2.2 Values for fuel hydrocarbon composition (m, n) are
assigned by fuel specification or analysis. If only the ratio and [NOXI, = [NO,], (1 + L'[CO2I + MIYO])
Appendix 3 Annex 16 - Environmental Protection
which transfonn into the following alternative equations to
(6), (8) and (9), when interference effects require to be
corrected,
[CO],P, + LP, + MP, = P5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6A)
[NO,], (P, + L'P, + M'P,) = rlP, + P, . . . . . . . . (8A)
[NO], (P, + L'P, + M'PJ = P, . . . . . . . . . . . . - (9A)
2.6 The option to measure CO, and CO concentrations
on a dry or partially dry sample basis, that is, with a sample
humidity reduced to h,, requires the use of modified
conditional equations as follows:
and
[cold (P, - P,) (1 + hJ = P,
However, the CO analyser may also be subject to
interference effects as described in 2.5 above and so the
complete alternative CO measurement concentration equation
becomes
[Cold (PT - P.4) ( 1 + hJ
+ LP, + Mh, (P, - P,) = P, . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6B)
3. ANALYTICAL FORMULATIONS
3.1 General
Equations (1) to (10) can be reduced to yield the analytical
formulations for the EI and AFR parameters, as given in 7.1
to this appendix. This reduction is a process of progressive
The following expression for K applies when CO and CO,
are determined on a "dry" basis:
3.3 Interference corrections
The measurements of CO andlor NO, and NO may require
corrections for interference by the sample CO, and water
concentrations before use in the above analytical equations.
Such correctious can normally be expressed in the following
general ways:
3.4 Equation for estimation of
sample water content
elimination of the rmts Po. PI hough P,, PP m ~ n tghe Wat, eoncentrah~nin sample
assumptions that all concentration measurements are of the
"wet"-sample and do not require interference corrections or
the like. In practice the option is often chosen to make the [H,Ol- (1nl2ml + hlp0lml) ([COCOJ + [COl+ [HCI) - (rlZI)
CO, and CO concentration measurements on a "dry" or 1 + T(P,Imj
" s e m i w basis; also it is often found necessary to make
interference corrections. Formulations for use in these various
circumstances are given in 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 below. where
Palm = ZZ - (nlm)
41 + h - in12 1)
3.2 Equation for conversion of and
dry concentration measurements z = 2 -[CO] -(12/x1 - ly/2rl) [HC] +[NO2] to wet basis [CO,l + [COI + [HCI
Concentration wet = K x concentration dry; that is,
It should be noted that this estimate is a function of the
[ l = K [ 1, various analyses concentration readings, which may themAnnex
16 - Environmental h b c t w n Volume II
selves require water interference correction. For better
accuracy an iterative procedure is required in these.cases with
successive recalculation of the water concentration until the
requisite stability is obtained. The use of the alternative,
numerical solution methodology (4) avoids this difficulty.
4. ALTERNATIVE METHODOLOGY -
NUMERICAL SOLUTION
4.1 As an alternative to the analytical procedures
summarized in 3 above, it is possible to obtain readily the
emissions indices, fuel/& ratio, corrected wet concentrations,
etc., by a numerical solution of equations (I) to (10) for each
set of measurements, using a digital computer.
4.2 In the equation set (1) to (10) the actual
concentration measurements are substituted using whichever
of the alternative equations (SA), (6A), etc. applies for the
particular measuring system, to take account of interference
corrections andlor dried sample measurements.
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