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operational measurements:
a) apply appropriate zero gas and make any necessary
instrument adjustments;
b) apply appropriate calibration gas at a nominal 90 per
cent FSD concentration for the ranges to be used,
adjust and record gain settings accordingly;
c) when the engine has been stabilized at the requisite
operating conditions and sampling location, continue
to run it and observe pollutant concentrations until a
stabilized reading is obtained, which shall be
recorded. At the same engine operating condition
repeat the measurement procedure for each of the
remaining sampling locations;
d) recheck zero and calibration points at the end of the
test and also at intervals not greater than 1 hour
during tests. If either has changed by more lhan
*2 per cent of full scale of range, the test shall be
repeated after restoration of the instrument to within
its specification.
7. CALCULATIONS
7.1 Gaseous emissions
7.1.1 General
The analytical measurements made shall be the concentrations
of the various classes of pollutant, at the relevant afterbuming
mode(s) of the engine, at the various locations in the
sampling plane. In addition to the recording of these basic
parameters, other parameters shall be computed and reported,
as follows*
* Except for the C02 analyser, for which the value shall be 2100 ppm.
Annex I6 - Environmental htectwn Volume I1
7.1.2 Analysis and validation
of measurements
a) At each engine setting, the concen@ations measured at
different probe sampling positions must be averaged as
follows:
where
n
C Summation of the total number n of sampling
1-1 positions used.
Cu Concentration of species i measured at the jth
sampling position.
Ci my average or mean concen@ation of species i.
All dry concentration measurements shall be converted
into real wet concentrations. (See Attachment E to this
appendix).
b) The quality of the measurements for each pollutant will
be determined through a comparison with measurements
of CO, using the correlation coefficient:
Values of r, which are near to I indicate that
measurements taken over the entire sampling period are
sufficiently stable and that the curves are gaussian. In the
event that ri is less than 0.95, measurements must be
repeated in a sampling plane located at a more remote
distance from the aircraft engine. The measurement
process, per se, is then followed by the same calculations
and the same demonstration as previously.
7.1.3 Basic parameters
For the measurements at each engine operating mode the
average concen!ration for each gaseous species is estimated
as shown in 7.1.2, any necessary corrections for dry sample
measurement andlor interferences having been made as
indicated in Attachment E to this appendix. These average
concentrations are used to compute the following basic
parameters:
E$ (emission index - mass of p produced in g
for component p) mass of fuel used in kg
llllU93
EI(C0) =
EI(HC) =
[CO,] * LC01 * mc1
*ir/fuel r d o = (p0/m)
+" (nlm )M, 1
where:
and
P,/m = 22 - (dm)
4(1 + h - 1Z121)
molecular mass of dry air = 28.966 g
or, where appropriate,
= (32 R + 28.156 4 S + 44.011 2) g
molecular mass of exhaust hydrocarbons,
taken as CH, = 16.043 g
molecular mass of CO = 28.011. g
molecular mass of NO, = 46.088 g
atomic mass of carbon = 12.011 g
atomic mass of hydrogen - 1.008 g
concentration of 0, in dry air, by volume =
0.209 5 normally
concentration of N, + rare gases in dry air, by
volume = 0.709 2 normally
concentration of C02 in dry air, by volume =
0.000 3 normally
mean conceneation of exhaust hydrocarbons
vollvol, wet, expressed as carbon
mean concentration of CO vol/vol, wet
mean concentration of CO, vollvol, wet
mean concentration of NO, vol/vol, wet =
[NO + NO,]
mean concentration of NO in exhaust sample,
vollvol, wet
Appendix 5 Annex 16 - Environmental Protection
[No,] mean concentration of NO, in exhaust sample, K = (P,,,IP,)" x (FAR_,IFAR,)~
voVv01, wet
x exp (IT,=, - T,l/c) x exp (dlh - 0.006291)
PB Combustor inlet pressure, measured
[No,], mean concentration of NO in exhaust sample
after passing through the NO,/NO converter, TB
vollvol, wet
efficiency of NQ/NO converter
Combustor inlet temperature, measured
FAR, Fuellair ratio in the combustor
Ambient air humidity
h humidity of ambient air, vol waterlvol dry air pEf ISA sea level pressure
rn number of C atoms in characteristic fuel
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