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- hydrogedcarbon ratio of fuel;
- engine installation details;
- other required engine parameters (for example, thrust,
rotor speeds, turbine temperatures);
- pollutant concentration data and statistical validation
5.1 Sampling system
5.1.1 Sampling probe
parameters. a) The Drobe shall he constructed so that individual s m ~ l e s
can be withdrawn at various locations across a diameter
This data shall be obtained either by direct measurement or of the plume. Mixed samples shall not be permitted.
by calculation, as presented in Attachment F to this appendix.
4. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
OF THE SYSTEM
Owing to the reactive nature of the exhaust plume from
engines using afterburning, it is necessaq to ensure that the
measured emissions do in fact correspond to those actually
emitted into the surrounding atmosphere. This is achieved by
sampling the plume sufficiently far downstream from the
engine that the exhaust gases have cooled to a temperature
where reactions have ceased. No desiccants, dryers, water
traps or related equipment shall be used to treat the exhaust
b) The maLerial with which the sample is in contact shall be
stainless steel and its temperature shall be maintained at
a value not less than 60°C.
c) The sampling plane shall be perpendicular to the projected
engine nozzle centre line, and shall be situated as
close as possible to a position 18 nozzle diameters from
the nozzle exit plane, consistent with 7.1.2, but in no case
greater than 25 nozzle diameters. The nozzle exit
diameter shall be for the maximum engine power condition.
Between and including exit and sampling plahes
there shall be an unobstructed region of at least 4 nozzle
exit diameters in radial distance about the project engine
nozzle centre line.
Annex 16 - Environmenral Protection Volume II
d) The miminurn number of sampling points shall be equal
to 11. The measurement plane, located at a distance X
from the engine shall be divided into three sections
demarcated by circles centred around the exhaust stream
axis with radii
and a minimum of 3 samples shall be taken from each
section. The difference between the number of samples in
each section must be less than 3. The sample taken at the
most remote distance from the axis shall be from a point
located at a radius of between 0.1 lX and 0.16X.
5.1.2 Sampling lines
The sample shall be transferred from the probe to the
analysers via a line of 4.0 to 8.5 mrn inside diameter, taking
the shortest route practicable and using a flow rate such that
the transport time is less than 10 seconds. The line shall be
maintained at a temperature of 160°C 215°C (with a stability
of *lO°C). When sampling to measure HC, CO, CO, and NO,
components, the line shall be constructed in stainless steel or
carbon-loaded grounded PTFE.
5.2 BC analyser
The measurement of total hydrocarbon sample content shall
be made by an analyser using the heated flame ionization
detector (FID), between the electrodes of which passes an
ionization current proportional to the mass rate of hydrocarbon
entering a hydrogen flame. The analyser shall be
deemed to include components arranged to cont~ol temperature
and flow rates of sample, sample bypass, fuel and diluent
gases, and to enable effective span and zero calibration
checks.
Note.- An over-all spec$carion is given in Attachment A
to this appendix.
5.3 CO and CO, analysers
Non-dispersive infra-red analysers shall be used for the
measurement of these components, and shall be of the design
which utilizes differential energy absorption in parallel
reference and sample gas cells, the cell or group of cells for
each of these gas constituents being sensitized appropriately.
This analysis sub-system shall include all necessary fnnctions
for the control and handling of sample, zero and span gas
flows. Temperature control shall be that appropriate to
whichever basis of measurement, wet or dry, is chosen.
Note.- An over-all specification is given in Artachmnt B
to this appendix.
5.4 NO, analyser
The measurement of NO concentration shall be by the chemiluminescent
method in which the measure of the radiation
intensity emitted during the reaction of the NO in the sample
with added 0, is the measure of the NO concentration. The
NO2 component shall be converted to NO in a converter of
the requisite efficiency prior to measurement. The resultant
NO, measurement system shall include all necessary flow,
temperature and other controls and provide for routine zero
and span calibration as well as for converter efficiency
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