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90 per cent range FSD concentration and record
analyser readings;
d) fit a least squares straight line to the zero, 30 per
cent, 60 per cent and 90 per cent concentration points.
For the CO and/or CO, analyser used in their basic
form without linearization of output, a least squares
Annex 16 - Environmenkrl Protection Volume 11
curve of appropriate mathematical formulation shall d) recheck zero and calibration points at the end of the
be fitted using additional calibration points if judged test and also at intervals not greater than 1 hour
necessary. If any point deviates by more than 2 per during tests. If either has changed by more than
cent of the full scale value (or 21 ppm*, whichever is k2 per cent of range FSD, the test shall, be repeated
greater) then a calibration curve shall be prepared for after restoration of the instrument to within its
operational use. specification.
6.4 Carbon b a l m ckck
6.3 Operation
Each test shall include a check that the airlfuel ratio as
6.3.1 measurements shall be made instru- estimated from the inkgrated sample total carbon concenvarnents
and sample transfer lines are warmed up and stable md tion exclusive of smoke, agrees wih the estimate based on
the following checks have been carried out: engine aidfuel ratio within &15 per cent for the taxilground
idle mode, and within 10 per cent for all other modes (see
a) leakage check; prior to a series of tests the system 7.1.2).
shall be checked for leakage by isolating the probe
and the analysers, connecting and operating a vacuum
Dump of equivalent performance to that used in the
srnoh measurement system to verify that the system
leakage flow rate is less than 0.4 Llmin referred to
normal temperature and pressure;
7. CALCULATIONS
b) cleanliness check: isolate the gas sampling system 7.1 Gaseous emissions
from the probe and connect the end of the sampling
line to a source of zero gas. Warm the system up to 7.1.1 General
the operational temperature needed to perform hydrocarbon
measurements. Operate the sample flow Pump The analytical measurements made shall be the concentrations
and set the flow rate to that used during engine of the various classes of pollutant, as detected at their
emission testing. the andyser respective analysers for the severJ engine operation modes,
reading. The reading shall not exceed 1 per cent of and these values shall be reported. In addition, other parathe
engine idle emission level or 1 PPm (both meters shall be computed and r e p a d , as follows**.
expressed as methane), whichever is the greater.
Note 1.- It is good practice to back-purge the sampling 7.1.2 Basic parameters
lines during engine running, while the probe is in the efigine
exhaust but emissions are not being measured, to ensure that EI, (emission in&x .
no significant contamination occurs. -
for component p) mass of fuel used in kg
Note. 2.- It ii- also good practice to monitor the inlet air
quality at the start and end of testing and at least once per EI(C0) =
hour during a test. I f levels are considered significant, then
they should be taken into account.
EIWC) -
6.3.2 The following procedure shall be adopted for
operational measurements:
E I W ) -
a) apply appropate zero gas and make any necessary (, NOJ -
instrument adjustments;
b) apply appropriate caiibration gas at a nominal 90 per
cent FSD concentration for the ranges to be used,
adjust and record gain settings accordingly; - /
c) when the engine has been stabilized at the requisite
operating mode, continue to run it and observe pouu- * ~xcepfto r the CO, analyser, for which the value shall be 400 ppm.
tant concentrations until a stabilized reading is ** A more comprehensive and precise alternative methodolugy which is
obtained, which shall be recorded; acceptable is presented in Attachment E to this apeendix.
Appendix 3 Annex 16 - Environmental Protection
where:
and
molecular mass of dry air = 28.966 g
or, where appropriate,
= (32 R + 28.156 4 S + 44.011 7)g
molecular mass of exhaust hydrocarbons,
taken as CH, = 16.043 g
molecular mass of CO = 28.011 g
molecular mass of NO, = 46.008 g
atomic mass of carbon = 12.011 g
at.ornic mass of hydrogen = 1.008 g
concentration of 0, in dry air, by volume =
0.209 5 normally
humidity of ambient air, vol waterlvol dry air
number of C atoms in characteristic fuel
molecule
number of H atorns in characteristic fuel
molecule
number of C atoms in characteristic exhaust
hydrocarbon molecule
number of H atom in characteristic exhaust
hydrocarbon molecule
The value of nh, the ratio of the atomic hydrogen to
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