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APPENDIX 5. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
RELATED TO FORECASTS
(See Chapter 6 of this Annex.)
I. CRITERIA RELATED TO TAF
1.1 TAF format
TAF shall be issued in accordance with the template shown in
Table AS-1 and disseminated in the TAF code form prescribed
by the World Meteorological Organization.
Note.- The TAF code form is contained in WMO
Publication No. 306, Manual on Codes, Volume I.], Part A -
Alphanumeric Codes.
1.2 Inclusion of meteorological elements in TAF
Note.- Guidance on operationally desirable accuracy of
forecasts is given in Attachment B.
1.2.1 Surface wind
Recommendation.- In forecasting suflace wind, the
expected prevailing direction should be given. When it is not
possible to forecast a prevailing suflace wind direction due to
its expected variability, for example, during light wind conditions
(less than 6 km/h (3 kt)) or thunderstorms, the forecast
wind direction should be indicated as variable using "VRB".
When the wind is forecast to be less than 2 km/h (I kt) the forecast
wind speed should be indicated as calm. When the
forecast maximum speed ( w t ) exceeds the forecast mean
wind speed by 20 km/h (10 kr) or more, the forecast maximum
wind speed should be indicated. When a wind speed of
200 km/h (1 00 kt) or more is forecast, it should be indicated to
be more than 199 km/h (99 kt).
1.2.2 Visibility
Recommendation.- When the visibiliiy is forecast to be
less than 800 m it should be expressed in steps of 50 m; when
it is forecast to be 800 m or more but less than 5 km, in steps
of 100 m; 5 km or more but less than 10 km in kilometre steps
and when it is forecast to be I0 km, or more it should be
expressed as 10 km, except when conditions of CAVOK are
forecast to apply. The prevailing visibiliiy should be forecast.
When visibiliq is forecast to vary in dzfferent directions and
the prevailing visibility cannot be forecast, the lowest forecast
visibility should be given.
I .2.3 Weather phenomena
Recommendation.- One or more, up to a maximum of
three, of the following weather phenomena or combinatiom
thereof; together with their characteristics and, where appropriate,
intensity should be forecast if they are expected to
occur at the aerodrome:
- freezing precipitation
- fiezing fog
- moderate or heavy precipitation (including showers
thereof)
- low drifting dust, sand or snow
- blowing dust, sand or snow
- duststorm
- sandstorm
- thunderstorm (with or without precipitation)
- squall
-funnel cloud (tornado or waterspout)
- other weather phenomena given in Appendix 3, 4.4.2.3
only if they are expected to cause a significant change
in visibiliiy.
The expected end of occurrence of those phenomena should be
indicated by the abbreviation "NSW".
1.2.4 Cloud
Recommendation.- Cloud amount should be forecast
using the abbratiatiom "FEW", "SCT", "BKN" or "OVC"
as necessary. If no clouds are forecast, and the abbreviation
"CA VOK" is not appropriate, the abbreviation "SKC" should
be used. When it is expected that the sky will remain or
become obscured and clouds cannot be forecast and information
on vertical visibiliiy is available at the aerodrome, the
vertical visibility should be forecast in the form "VV" followed
by the forecast value of the vertical visibility. When several
layers or masses of cloud are forecast, their amount and height
of base should be included in the following order:
a) the lowest layer or mass regardless of amount, to be
forecast as FEW, SCT BKN or OVC as appropriate;
b) the next layer or mass covering more than 218, to be
forecast as SCT, BKN or OVC as appropriate;
c) the next higher layer or mass covering more than 4/8, to
be forecast as BKN or OVC as appropriate; and
ANNEX 3 APP 5-1 25/11/04
Annex 3 - Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Appendix 5
d) cumulonimbus clouds, whenever forecast and not
already included under a) to c).
Cloud information should be limited to cloud of operational
significance, i.e. cloud below 1 500 m (5 000fi) or the highest
minimum sector altitude whichever is greatec and cumulonimbus
whenever forecast. In applying this limitation, when no
cumulonimbus and no cloud below 1 500 m (5 000)) or below
the highest minimum sector altitude whichever is greater are
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