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DS present weather phenomena should be indicated as follows:
4.4.2.4 Recommendation.- In local routine and special
reports and in METAR and SPECI, the following .characteristics
of present weather phenomena, as necessary, should be
reported, using their respective abbreviations and relevant
criteria. as appropriate:
munderstorm TS
- Used to report a thunderstorm with rain "TSRA ",
snow "TSSN", ice pellets "TSPL ", hail "TSGR " or
small hail and/or snow pellets "TSGS" or
combinations thereof; for example, "TSRASN".
When thunder is heard or lightning is detected at
the aerodrome during the 10-minute period
preceding the time of observation but no precipitation
is observed at the aerodrome, the
abbreviation "TS" should be used without
qualification.
(local routine and
special reports) (METAR and SPECI)
Light FBL -
Moderate MOD (no indication)
Heavy HW t
Used only with DZ, GR, GS, PL, RA, SG and SN (or in
combinations involving these present weather types; in
these cases, intensity refers to precipitation in accomlance
with 4.4.2.6); DS and SS (in the cases of DS and SS, only
moderate and heavy intensities to be indicated).
Vicinity VC
- Not at the aerodrome but not firrther away than
approximately 8 km from the aerodrome perimeter
and used only in METAR and SPECI with DS, SS,
FG, FC, SH, PO, BLDU, BLSA, BLSN, TS and VA
when not reported under 4.4.2.4.
2511 1/04 APP 3-8
Appendir 3 Annex 3 - Meteorological Service for International Air Navigarion
4.4.2.6 Recommendation.- In local routine and special
reports and in METAR and SPECI, one or more up to a maximum
of three of the present weather abbreviations given in
4.4.2.3 and 4.4.2.4 should be used, as necessary, together with
an indication, where appropriate, of the characteristics and
intensity or proximity to the aerodrome, so as to convey a
complete description of the present weather of significance to
flight operations. In reporting this information, the indication
of intensity or proximity as appropriate, should be reported
first followed respectively by the characteristics and the type
of weather phenomena. Where two different types of weather
are observed, they should be reported in two separate groups,
where the intensity or proximity indicator refers to the weather
phenomenon which follows the indicator However, drfferent
types of precipitation occurring at the time of observation
should be reported as one single p u p with the dominant type
of precipitation reported first and preceded by only one
intensity qualifier which refers to the intensity of the total
precipitation.
4.5 Clouds
Recommendation.- When instrumented systems are used
for the mearurement of the cloud amount and the height of
cloud base, representative observations should be obtained by
the use of sensors appropriately sited. For local routine and
special reports, in the case of aerodromes with precision
approach runways, sensors for cloud amount and height of
cloud bare should be sited to give the best practicable indications
of the height of cloud base and cloud amount at the
middle marker site of the instrument landing system or; at
aerodromes where a middle marker beacon is not used, at a
distance of 900 to 1 200 m (3 000 to 4 000fi) from the landing
threshold at the approach end of the runway.
Note.- Specifications concerning the middle marker site of
an instrument landing system are given in Annex 10, Volume I,
Chapter 3 and at Attachment C, Table C-5.
4.5.2 Display
Recommendation.- When automated equipment is used
for the measurement of the height of cloud bare, height of
cloud bare display(s) should be located in the meteorological
station with corresponding display(s) in the appropriate air
traffic services units. The displays in the meteorological
station and in the air traffic services units should relate to the
same sensor; and where separate sensors are required ar
specl$ed in 4.5.1, the displays should clearly identifir the area
monitored by each sensor
4.5.3 Reference level
Recommendation.- The height of cloud bare should
normally be reported above aerodrome elevation. When a
precision approach runway is in use which has a threshold
elevation 15 m (50jl) or more below the aerodrome elevation,
local arrangements should be made in order that the height of
cloud bases reported to arriving aircrafr should refer to the
threshold elevation. In the care of reports from off-shore
structures, the height of cloud base should be given above
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