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4.6.5.2 Recommendation.- Cloud observations for
local routine and special reports should be representative of
the approach area.
4.6.5.3 Recommendation.- Cloud observations for
METAR and SPECIshould be representative of the aerodrome
and its vicinity.
4.6.5.4 Recommendation.- Where observations of
cloud amount and/or the height of cloud base are made using
automatic observing systems, provision should be made for
manual insertion of cloud amounts and, where appropriate,
cloud type, together with the heights of those layers or masses
not directly measurable by that equipment.
4.6.6 Air temperature and
dew-point temperature
4.6.6.1 The air temperature and the dew-point temperature
shall be measured and reported in degrees Celsius.
4.6.6.2 Recommendation.- Observations of air temperature
and dew-point temperature for local routine and
special reports and METAR and SPECI should be
representative of the whole runway complex.
4.6.7 Atmospheric pressure
The atmospheric pressure shall be measured, and QNH and
QFE values shall be computed and reported in hectopascals.
4.6.8 Supplementary information
4.6.8.1 Recommendation.- Observations made at
aerodromes should include the available supplementary
information concerning signifcant meteorological conditions,
particularly those in the approach and climb-out areas. Where
practicable, the information should identz5 the location of the
meteorological condition.
4.6.8.2 Recommendation.- Where observations are
made using automatic observing systems, provision should be
made for manual insertion of information concerning signifcant
meteorological conditions which cannot be determined
adequately by that equipment.
4.7 Reporting of meteorological information
from automatic observing systems
Recommendation.- METAR and SPECI from automatic
observing systems should only be used during non-operational
hours of the aerodrome. These METAR and SPECI should be
identifed with the word "AUTO".
4.8 Observations and reports of
volcanic activity
Recommendation, The occumnce of pre-eruption
volcanic activity, volcanic eruptions and volcanic ash cloud
should be reported without delay to the associated air traffic
services unit, aeronautical information services unit and
meteorological watch office. The report should be made in the
form of a volcanic activity report comprising the following
information in the order indicated:
a) message type, VOLCANIC ACTIVITY REPORT
b) station identife~lo cation indicator or name of station;
c) datehime of message;
d) location of volcano and name $known; and
e) concise description of event including, as appropriate,
level of intensity of volcanic activity, occumnce of an
eruption and its date and time and the existence of a
volcanic ash cloud in the area together with direction of
ash cloud movement and height.
Note.- Pre-eruption volcanic activity in this context means
unusual anaYor increasing volcanic activity which could
presage a volcanic eruption.
CHAPTER 5. AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS
Note.- Technical specifications and detailed criteria
related to this chapter are given in Appendix 4.
5.1 Obligations of States
Each Contracting State shall arrange, according to the
provisions of this chapter, for observations to be made by aircraft
of its registry operating on international air routes and for
the recording and reporting of these observations.
5.2 'Qpes of aircraft observations
The following aircraft observations shall be made:
a) routine aircraft observations during en-route and climbout
phases of the flight; and
b) special and other non-routine aircraft observations
during any phase of the flight.
53 Routine aircraft
observations - designation
5.3.1 Recommendation.- When air-ground data link is
used and automatic dependent surveillance (ADS) is being
applied, automated routine observations should be made every
I5 minutes during the en-route phase and every 30 seconak
during the climb-out phase for the first 10 minutes of the flight.
5.3.2 When voice communications are used, routine
observations shall be made during the en-route phase in relation
to those air traffic services reporting points or intervals:
a) at which the applicable air traffic services procedures
require routine position reports; and
b) which are those separated by distances corresponding
most closely to intervals of one hour of flying time.
5.3.3 Recommendation.- For helicopter operations to
and from aerodromes on offshore structures, routine observations
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