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Secondly, whenever you get a
frequency change en route, not only
should you write it down on your
Nav Log, but change to the new
frequency on the other box, so you
alternate between radios. This way,
you have something to go back to if
you can't get through on the new
one for whatever reason (although it
is appreciated that this could create
difficulties with two station boxes
which must be switched every time).
You should use the full callsign on
initial contact with ATC, but you can
Electricity & Radio 307
subsequently use any abbreviations
they make.
If you need to make a correction, say
the word "Correction" followed by
the last correct word or phrase
before continuing.
Numbers should generally be spoken
individually, except for the words
hundred and thousand where they
occur as round figures. 100, for
example, would be "One Hundred",
but 165 would be "One Six Five".
Usually, with regard to time, you
transmit the numbers relating to
minutes (e.g. "arriving at 45"), but
this only relates to the current hour. If
there is any possibility of confusion,
or you mean another hour, include
the figures.
Standby means "wait to be called".
Affirmative means an agreement, but
the word was changed (at least in
Europe) some time ago, to Affirm, to
reduce the possibilities of it being
confused with negative if only the last
part of the word was heard. In the
same vein, you only use the word
Takeoff when cleared, or cancelling a
takeoff clearance. For an abandoned
takeoff, use the word Stopping.
Roger means that the last message has
been received (even if you didn't
understand it!).
The readability scale is:
1 – unreadable
2 – readable now and then
3 – readable with difficulty
4 – readable
5 – perfectly readable
ATC
At smaller aerodromes, some of
these may be combined.
Ground Control
The Ground Controller handles all
movements on the manoeuvring
area, including aircraft and vehicles,
and possibly start clearances
(departure clearances given by
Ground are not clearances to
takeoff!). Typically, you would be
talking to Ground up to the holding
point, and afterwards when landing.
Tower
For traffic close to the aerodrome,
including the circuit. After takeoff,
you may be asked to change to
Approach (below), but, more typically,
you will stay with the Tower until
clear of the area.
Approach
Sometimes known as Radar, these
controllers sit in a darkened room in
front of radar screens, so have no
visual contact with the traffic they
are dealing with (don't worry, they
are fed frequently).
Radio Failure
Essentially, comply with the last
clearance, which hopefully included
permission to land or clear the area.
If you don’t need to enter controlled
airspace, carry on, maintaining VFR
as necessary; don't enter it even if
you’ve been previously cleared. If
you must do so, divert and
telephone for permission first. If
you’re already in controlled airspace,
where clearance has been obtained
to the boundary on leaving, or the
field on entering, proceed as
planned. If in doubt, clear the zone
308 Canadian Professional Pilot Studies
the most direct way as quickly as
possible, avoiding airfields.
The military have a system of flying
a left or right-handed triangle pattern
that can be seen on radar, although
it's usually only used if you're lost as
well as having a duff radio. Use it as
a last resort, though, because ATC
have other things to look out for
than possible triangles. If they do
recognise your problem, they will
send up a shepherd aircraft to
formate on you and bring you down,
so remain VMC if you can, and as
high as possible so radar can see you
better. If you can squawk Mode C,
do so, because that will give a height
readout to work with. If you can
only receive, fly in a right-handed
pattern for a minute (over 300 knots,
make it two). Fly at best endurance
speed and make each 120° turn as
tight as possible. If you can't
transmit either, do the same, but to
the left.
RT Emergency Procedures
Always declare an Emergency, even
if you have to downgrade it later.
Distress
The Distress call (or "MAYDAY") is
used when threatened by grave and
imminent danger and in most urgent
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