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cause structural damage, because the
elevator still has enough strength to
be dangerous (it's needed for goarounds).
Anyhow, keep the ailerons level,
raise the spoilers, apply reverse
thrust and start braking, without
bursting the tyres (that is, keep the
pressure light). Stop reverse thrust
when you get down to taxi speed.
When out of balance in the cruise
(say, during a bit if turbulence), using
ailerons to compensate is not
necessarily the best solution, as they
trigger the use of spoilers. Rather,
use short and sharp rudder inputs to
lift whichever wing is dropping,
using power as required.
Dangerous Goods
This chapter is not needed for the
exam, but is included for when you
join a company later. The information
is for training purposes and is not an
official interpretation.
The term Dangerous Goods includes
anything that poses a risk to life,
property or the environment, such as
aerosols, solvents, paints, chainsaws,
matches, stoves, car batteries, gas
tanks and even perfume under the
right circumstances – in other words,
mostly stuff that anyone may have at
home, but subjected to the forces
involved in transportation, such as
expansion and compression, or
simply being handled differently
(fuel evaporates more quickly at
altitude). Even a 9-volt battery can
generate enough heat to start a fire
when its terminals are shorted out.
Dangerous Goods could be toxic,
flammable, corrosive, infectious,
radioactive or explosive, or a
combination, and the rules apply
regardless of the reason for their
movement, commercial or private.
Many items carried in an aircraft are
hazardous to your health, including
fuel, ethylene glycol, methyl alcohol,
halon, hydraulic fluid, carbon
monoxide, etc.
One key to its safe transport is
packaging - single packaging means
things like oil drums or propane
cylinders, by themselves. Combination
packaging covers batteries or bottles,
etc. inside boxes (in other words,
there is some element of doubling
up). If you need it, approved
packaging can be obtained from
various manufacturers, but it will be
relatively expensive, since they have
some sort of hold on the market.
However, if you ship the goods in
Limited Quantities, specialised
packaging may not be needed.
The other key to safe transport of
Dangerous Goods is training, which
is the purpose of this chapter. The
idea behind such training is to make
sure you know how to package the
stuff in the first place and what to do
if it leaks or is otherwise damaged,
because it may affect the flight
characteristics of your machine, and
the way an emergency is handled by
people on the ground.
380 Canadian Professional Pilot Studies
Dangerous Goods come in nine
classes, described below, which
should have a diamond-shaped label
on their packaging to identify them:
The number at the bottom helps
identify the hazard.
Sometimes, there will be two labels,
where a substance or material comes
with more than one risk. In this case,
there will be a primary and secondary
label (secondaries do not have a
classification). Handling labels (e.g.
"This Way Up") will be rectangular.
Dangerous Goods also come in
Packing Groups, described below,
which indicate the degrees of danger
within the classes described below.
In Canada, there are four sources of
information to be aware of. In order
of legal priority, the Transportation of
Dangerous Goods Regulations (TDGR),
which actually cover all modes of
transport in Canada, the ICAO
Technical Instructions for the Safe
Transportation of Dangerous Goods by
Air, the IATA Dangerous Goods
Regulations, and your company's
Operations Manual. The fine for a
first offence under the TDGR can
be up to $50,000.
Just to remind you, in case you
haven't read the Air Law chapter yet,
ICAO (International Civil Aviation
Organisation) is a worldwide body
convened by governments while the
International Air Transport Association
(IATA) is an equivalent body
established by the airlines. Although
IATA is a private organisation
comprising of virtually all the
scheduled airlines of the world, it
nevertheless has strong links with
ICAO and governments, and is
often used by many airlines as an
agent for inter-airline cooperation.
The IATA Dangerous Good Regulations
mentioned above (from now
referred to as The Book) are in a large
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