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This is where a little selfknowledge
and humility is a
great help.
Human Error
Human error can exist at four levels
– unsafe acts (errors & violations),
predispositions to unsafe acts, unsafe
or inadequate supervision and
organisational influences.
Habits
These are part of our lives; many are
comforting and part of a reassuring
routine that keeps us mentally the
right way up. Others, however, are
ones we could well do without, but
the trouble is that they can be very
difficult to break, because the person
trying to break them is the very
person trapped by them. We learn
habits as children, simply in order to
survive. Despite our true nature, we
quickly find out that if we want
food, attention or "strokes", as the
Americans say, we have to behave in
certain ways, depending on the
nature of our parents; in some
families getting noticed demands
entirely different behaviour than in
others, mostly opposite to what we
really are, which is one source of
stress. In certain circumstances,
habits can be dangerous - if you can't
do anything about them, we need at
least to be aware of them.
Training is all very well, but don't let
it limit your thinking. Also, don't
confuse stereotyping with probability.
You can always accept a probability
that certain actions will solve a
similar problem to one you've had
before, but stereotyping implies that
the same actions work every time.
Attitudes
Flying requires considerable use of
the brain, with observation and/or
reaction to events, both inside and
outside the aircraft. Psychology and
aviation have been used to each
other for some time; you may be
familiar with selection tests and
interviews. Part of why accidents
happen is that some people are
accidents waiting to happen! This
depends on personality, amongst
other things, and we will look at this
shortly. However, personality is not
the only factor to be aware of on the
flight deck. Status, Role and Ability are
also important. Having two Captains
on board, with neither sure of who's
in charge can be a real problem!
Either they will be scoring points off
Human Factors 421
each other, or be too gentlemanly,
allowing an accident to happen while
each says "after you". How do you
sort out the mess if you have
someone in the left seat who is a
First Officer pretending to be a
Captain, and someone in the other
seat who is a Captain pretending to
be a First Officer?
What type of person is a pilot?
Having decided what product we are
selling (safe arrival), we can now talk
about the best kind of person to
produce it. We certainly have more
intelligence than the average car
driver. Or do we? Passing exams
doesn't mean you're capable of doing
a decent job or handling a crisis.
There are stupid solicitors,
professors, you name it. I have
flown with 17,000-hour pilots who I
wouldn't trust with a pram, and
1,000-hour types with whom I
would trust anything.
I think it's fair to say that the public
typically think of pilots (when they
think of them at all) as outgoing
types, often in the bar and having a
lark, an image that has come about
from all those World War II movies.
To be fair, if you were cold, hungry,
tired, frightened and inexperienced,
you would probably behave that
way, too, but life today is quite
different. I think a pilot should be a
synthesis of the following headings:
· Meticulous - being prepared to do
the same thing, the same way,
every time, and not get bored,
because that's the way you miss
things.
· Forward Thinking - in just the
same way that the advanced
driver is ready to deal with a
corner before going into it, the
advanced pilot knows that the
load underneath will carry on if
the helicopter slows down, and
positions the controls as best he
can. Unfortunately, this ability
only comes with experience, but
it's never too late to start.
· Responsible - the "responsible
position" that you hold as a
commander is one in which you
act with minimum direction but
are personally responsible for
the outcome of your activities.
In other words, you are
responsible for the machine
without being directed by any
other person in it.
· Trustworthy - people must be
able to trust you – all of aviation
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Canadian Professional Pilot Studies2(137)
