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and heat as necessary (fuel must be
warm before it will light) and
maintain a positive mental attitude.
The best cure for hypothermia,
when your body loses more heat
than it produces, and your organs
lose their ability to function, is to use
blankets and lukewarm sweet drinks.
Direct heating, such as hot water
bottles, will only open up the surface
blood vessels and take heat away
from the core organs, where it’s
most needed. Victims may also
vomit, so give them nil by mouth,
even when alert. They may have an
altered level of consciousness, so
handle them carefully.
Hypothermia happens quite slowly,
and arises from cold and wind,
poorly insulated or wet clothing,
prolonged immersion in even warm
water, and fatigue (in water, heat is
conducted away 25% faster than in
cold air). Shivering and grogginess
are among the early symptoms, allied
with poor judgement and muddled
thinking. As it gets worse, the
shivering may stop and the attention
span will reduce, together with
shallow breathing and a slow, weak
pulse. Unconsciousness and little or
no breathing signifies the full thing,
with dilated pupils.
Although direct heating is not
recommended for hypothermia, it’s a
better solution for frostbite than
friction (for example, cupping a
frozen ear with your hand will have a
better effect than rubbing it). The
only reason you would hold snow
against a frostbitten part is to relieve
any pain caused by warming – it will
not help with the original condition!
Also, non-frozen liquids won’t
necessarily help, either.
SAR in Canada is controlled through
four centres, Victoria, Edmonton,
Trenton and Halifax. When an
aircraft is reported missing, a Missing
Aircraft Notice (MANOT) will be
notified to pilots in the area. Once
received, you should monitor 121.5
for any ELT signals.
You can communicate with SAR
aircraft visually by making signals on
the ground (the two below are only a
selection of the full range available -
see the AIP). They should be at least
8 feet high (or as large as possible)
with as large a contrast as possible
being obtained between the materials
used and the background.
Need Assistance V
Need Medical Help X
Leave about 10 feet between them.
Rocking of the rescue aircraft's
wings during daylight and flashing of
the landing or navigation lights twice
at night indicates your signals are
understood.
Night Flying
Night flying can be pleasant—there's
less traffic, you tend not to go in bad
weather and the air is denser, so the
engine and flying controls are more
responsive (if the controls become
376 Canadian Professional Pilot Studies
heavier than normal, your instructor
has his hands on as well!).
Searching for an overdue aircraft in
low light conditions causes lots of
problems, and route planning should
take account of this. Otherwise, it’s
much the same as for day, though
there are some aspects that demand
some thought. Plot your route on
the chart in the normal way, but
navigate with electronic aids or
features that are prominent at night,
such as town lighting, lighted masts
or chimneys, large stretches of water
(big black holes), aerodromes,
highways, etc.
Apart from reducing visibility, rain
on the windscreen is a particular
threat when fixing your position by a
single light source. When little or no
light is on the surface and a
prominent one comes into view, it
may seem that the light is above the
horizon, which could lead you to
pitch into a steep attitude in keeping
with the resulting false horizon.
Sometimes the effect is not much
more than an uncomfortable
climbing sensation even when you're
straight and level, but an obscured
windscreen could make objects
appear lower than they really are.
This will be more apparent with high
intensity runway lighting, which may
also give you the same effect that
actors have on stage, where they
can't see the audience through the
bright lighting. The lack of normal
contrast will also upset your altitude
perception, making you feel further
away and higher than you are. As a
result, on a final approach you could
find yourself too low and fast. The
solution is to use every piece of
sensory information you can,
including landing lights and
instruments (look ahead and slightly
to the side of the light beam).
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