曝光台 注意防骗
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runs on it. You trust the
previous pilot not to have
overstressed the machine, or to
really have done 4.3 hours and
not 6. Signatures count for a lot,
and, by extension, your word.
What is the common thread that unites
all competent people?
· Intelligence
· Personality. This can be defined
as "The sum total of the
physical, mental, emotional and
social characteristics of an
individual". Generally, to be
accident prone, you are either
under- or overconfident. With
the former, situations will tend
not to be handled properly, and
with the latter, situations not
appreciated properly. You might
also be aggressive, independent,
a risk taker, anxious,
impersonal, competitive,
422 Canadian Professional Pilot Studies
invulnerable and have a low
stress tolerance, which, when
you think about it, are all based
on attention-seeking and fear.
However, the real area where
personality comes to the fore is
during interactions with other
people; behaviour tends to
breed behaviour. Crews are
frightened to deal with the
Captain, and Captains won't
deal with crews.
· Leadership vs teamwork.
Leadership has been defined as
facilitating the movement of a
team toward the
accomplishment of a task, in
this case, the crew and the safe
arrival of their passengers. This
is a better definition than
“Getting somebody to do what
you want them to do” which
implies a certain amount of
manipulation, something more
in the realm of management as a
scientific process. A Leader, as
opposed to a Manager, is a
more positive force,
inspirational, nurturing and
many other words you could
probably think of yourself.
· Personal qualities to passengers
and colleagues.
On top of personality traits, which you
are born with, the accident-prone
person also has undesirable attitudes,
which are acquired. These can
include:
· Impulsivity. Doing things without
forethought – such people don’t
stop to think about what they’re
doing. Not so fast! The
opposite is indecisive.
· Antiauthority. These people don’t
like being told what to do. They
may either not respect the
source of the authority, or are
just plain ornery (with a deep
source of bottled-up anger).
Very often there's nothing
wrong with this - if more people
had questioned authority, we
wouldn't have had half the wars,
or we wouldn't get passengers
pressurising pilots to do what
they shouldn't. However,
regulations have a purpose.
They allow us to act with little
information, since everything is
supposed to be predictable,
although that doesn’t mean that
rules should blindly be obeyed -
sometimes breaking the rules
saves lives -the DC10 that had
an engine fall off during takeoff
could have kept flying if the
nose had been lowered a little
for speed, instead of being set at
the "standard" angle of 6°, as
taught on the simulator, which,
in this case, stalled the
aeroplane (now there's a little
red light in the cockpit that tells
you when an engine falls off).
The opposite is brainwashed.
· Invulnerability. People like this
think that nothing untoward can
happen to them, so they take
more risks, or push the
envelope – humility is the
antidote. Repetitive tasks must
be done as if they were new every
time, no matter how tedious -
you can guarantee that the one
time you don't check for water
in a fuel drum, it will be there!
The opposite is paranoid.
· Macho people are afraid of
looking small and are always
Human Factors 423
subject to peer pressure, which
means they care a lot about
what other people think of
them, leading to the idea that
they have a very low opinion of
themselves. Thus, they take
unnecessary chances for
different reasons than so-called
Invulnerable people, above.
These are typically the highpowered
intimidating company
executives who have houses in
the middle of nowhere with no
navaids within miles of the
place. Such people may
subconsciously put themselves
in situations where they push
the weather to test their own
nerve. You have to learn to stick
up for yourself, with
management and passengers.
The opposite is wimp.
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