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confusing colours.
If you haven't got the luxury of
colour and computer controlled
echo highlighting (and have to rely
on steam), there are certain
distinctive storm patterns to look
out for, such as the hook, finger and
U-shape, which all look similar to a
figure 6. These, plus scalloped edges
round a cloud outline, are all
characteristic of hail. They can
change quickly, so they need careful
monitoring (hail shows up better
when the gain is reduced). The
heaviest precipitation, and the
heaviest turbulence, will show up as
black holes, or red when using
colour, which will be best detected in
Contour mode. Remember that
radar signals weaken, and might
show the end of the weather falsely.
Iso-Echo produces a hole in a strong
echo when the returned signal is
above a pre-set value. The edge of
the hole that actually appears on the
screen has the same rainfall rate, and
is like a contour line, hence the
name. When it is narrow, there is a
strong intensity gradient, so avoid
hooked echoes, especially rapidly
changing ones.
Avoid the brightest returns (i.e.
those that are changing rapidly) by at
least 20 nm. Above the freezing
level, make it 5 nm and 10 nm when
below. If you see anything at all
between 50-70 nm, keep well away
from it. The minimum height above
a storm should be 1,000 feet for
each 10 kts of wind speed, should
you be able to get that high.
Electricity & Radio 303
Discharge Detectors
Otherwise known as Stormscopes, after
one manufacturer, these detect
lightning discharges and display
them on a green screen in the
cockpit. Thus, they work in a similar
way to an ADFs with its needle
pointing towards a storm. Cheaper
models have to be cleared every time
you change heading. Because
lightning varies, a strong signal may
be mistaken for a storm nearby, and
vice versa.
Altitude Alerting Systems
These include devices that give
audio/visual warnings, and those
that merely act as a reminder, using a
digital indicator, of the required
altitude or flight level. Either should
be reset every time a change is made,
and cross-checked by the other pilot.
Exercise care with the Automatic
Flight Control System (AFCS), to
prevent unplanned departures from
the flight path.
TCAS/ACAS
Airborne Collision and Avoidance Systems
(ACAS) provide you with an
independent back up to the Mark 1
Eyeball and ATC by alerting you to
collision hazards. TCAS (the T
stands for Traffic) is actually the
system developed by the FAA,
whilst ACAS is the generic name
used by ICAO for similar systems.
Basic systems (TCAS I) just provide
warnings of traffic without guidance.
TCAS III (under development) gives
horizontal and vertical guidance.
TCAS II, the current equipment,
provides advice in the vertical plane,
as a Traffic Advisory (TA), telling you
where nearby transponding aircraft
are, or Resolution Advisory (RA)
detecting aircraft, and making
suggestions about what to do. TCAS
II uses four antennae, a computer
and Mode S transponder to
continually survey the airspace
around you and predict the flight
paths of likely intruders. Mode S
uses a 24-bit address, which reduces
mistakes and allows the system more
capacity and efficiency (you need a
unique code from Transport
Canada). It can also provide two-way
data link communications on 1030
and 1090 MHz, used in this case for
manoeuvre messages, but also as a
back up for VHF voice.
Traffic Advisory
A TA alerts you that an RA (see
below), requiring a change in flight
path, may follow—it is displayed 35-
48 seconds from the time the
intruder aircraft is predicted to enter
the collision area, displaying range,
bearing and altitude, but remember
that this system relies on
transponder-equipped aircraft
receiving information from others.
Also, the equipment cannot resolve
with complete accuracy the bearing,
heading or vertical rates of intruding
aircraft, so you should not rely solely
on TAs. Look where the conflicting
traffic is supposed to be, and get
ATC to help. Otherwise, manoeuvre
away from the collision risk. Once
clear, advise ATC. The Warning Area
extends 20-30 seconds from when
an intruder would enter the collision
area, which is when RAs are issued.
Resolution Advisory
An RA is meant to advise you of
vertical manoeuvres required for
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