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location of the main parachute on the back and the
reserve on the chest became known as the “conventional”
configuration. [Figure 2-5] The original tandem configuration
with both the main and reserve on the back became
known as a “piggyback” [Figure 2-6], and the introduction
of a two-person parachute system became the new
“tandem.” [Figure 2-7]
CONFIGURATION
When canopies were packed into early bag-type containers,
they always wanted to assume a spherical or round
shape. For the container to remain flat, it was necessary to
tailor the fabric and then use frames or bow stiffeners to
keep it flat and compress the pilot chute. Back designs
utilized multiple cones and pins, usually three or four to
maintain the length and width. Seat containers were
usually more square and thicker since they were held in
place by the seat pan. Most use two cones and pins
for closing. The same was used for chest and lap
Figure 2-6. Piggyback containers.
Figure 2-7.Tandem container system.
2-6
parachutes. Many military systems still utilize these basic
configurations today.
With the introduction of skydiving in the 1960s, most
equipment was of modified military designs, and the first
generation of commercial products were simply colored
versions of these designs. In the 1970s, skydiving
canopies had progressed to ram-air designs, which were
smaller in volume and had different deployment requirements.
Container designs evolved to meet these requirements.
The introduction of the hand deploy pilot chute
was probably the most influential concept in the evolving
container design. Cones were replaced by fabric closing
loops, and main ripcords and pins were replaced by hand
deploy bridles and locking pins. It was no longer necessary
to compress the spring-loaded pilot chute inside the
container. Thru closing loops were used to compress the
pack and make it thinner to conform to the body shape.
The use of deployment bags and other devices helped
provide shaping to the container. This was true for both
square and round canopies.
Today, most modern container designs have completely
done away with frames and bow stiffeners. This has
resulted in smaller, more flexible, more comfortable, and
more efficient container designs. Instead of metal stiffeners,
nylon plastic is used to reinforce the container flaps
for backing the grommets. The nylon is lighter, easier to
work with, and cheaper. Many of the modern military
designs now follow the design concepts pioneered by the
sport industry as they have proven better and more cost
effective. Figure 2-8 shows the similarity to a sport piggyback
system.
MODERN DESIGN CONCEPTS
The containers of today do more than simply enclose
the canopy and deployment device. Sport containers in
particular need to be designed so that they contribute to
the deployment needs of the specific parachute.
Piggyback designs have separate requirements for the
main and reserve containers.
The reserve container is generally small, tight, and
mostly wedge-shaped. Virtually all popular sport systems
are designed around the use of a ram-air canopy. The
deployment method of choice is a Type 5 deployment
bag. In the early days of the ram-air reserve, there were
certain container design requirements specified by the
manufacturer. These were:
1. A hesitator loop configuration secures the bridle and
holds the bag in until the reserve pilot chute is
deployed and under drag. [Figure 2-9]
2. Nonrestrictive corners to allow the bag to be lifted
off by the bridle in the event of a horseshoe-type
malfunction. [Figure 2-10]
Figure 2-8. Modern military container.
Figure 2-9. Square reserve hesitator loop configuration.
Figure 2-10. Nonrestrictive container corners.
2-7
These requirements were adhered to for many years.
Today, containers achieve the required holding and
deployment needs through design tailoring. The bottom
corners of the reserve container are designed so that the
bag is held in place while the pilot chute and bridle deploy
and then releases the bag to the airstream. At the same
time, the bag can still deploy quickly in the event of a
horseshoe-type malfunction.
The main container is less restrictive than the reserve in
holding the main canopy in place during deployment.
This is important so that there is no tendency for the bag
to twist or be unstable on deployment. With many of the
main canopies used today, if the bag is unstable, it results
in the main canopy opening unevenly and causing spins
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Parachute Rigger Handbook(17)
