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of four parts: button, socket, stud, and
eyelet. Device is manufactured in various
shapes and sizes.
FASTENER, TAPE—
Velcro®.
FEDERAL AVIATION
ADMINISTRATION
(FAA)—An organization within the
Department of Transportation. The
FAA establishes aviation rules and
regulations as well as enforces those
policies. The purpose of the FAA is
to set the standards for civil aircraft
in the interest of public safety.
FEED DOG—A mechanical
device located under the throat plate
of a sewing machine which feeds the
material through a sewing machine.
FERRULE—Device which provides
a strong and smooth finish on
the ends of a ripcord housing.
FID—A small flat, tapered bar of
metal or wood used to insert the corner
flaps into the container when packing.
FINGER TRAP—A method of
attaching or splicing lines by inserting
one line into another. Used primarily
on hollow braided lines.
FINISH—The condition of the
parachute fabric caused by the
application of heat and pressure
whereby the fibers are forced closer
together. This treatment is used to
determine the permeability of the
fabric.
FISH SCALE—A spring scale
used to measure the ripcord pull force
or fabric strength test.
FOLDER—A device used as an
attachment to a sewing machine to
guide and fold fabric.
FORCE—A push or pull which
tends to change the velocity or direction
of a body’s motion.
FORGING—A high-pressure
shaping of hot metal. The process
used to make parachute hardware.
FORWARD SPEED—The rate
at which a parachute moves horizontally
in a mass of air.
FOUR LINE CHECK—On a
round canopy, the four lines that run
to the top center and bottom center
gores. Used to check the line continuity.
On a 28-foot canopy, they are
lines 1, 14, 15, and 28.
FPS—Feet per second.
FREE BAG—A type 5 reserve
deployment device used with ram-air
canopies. Not attached to the canopy,
it is designed to allow deployment of
the canopy in the event of a horseshoe-
type malfunction.
G-5
FREE FALL—A parachute jump
in which the parachute is activated
manually at the discretion of the
parachutist.
FRENCH FELL SEAM
(LSC-2)—A plain overlap in
which the material is folded over on
itself and stitched so as to prevent
raveling.
FRICTION BURNS—The
result of two textile surfaces rubbing
together rapidly and generating frictional
heat which reduces the tensile
strength of the textile and causes deterioration
of the individual threads; it
occurs primarily during parachute
deployment and initial inflation.
G
G FORCE—The measure or
value of the gravitational pull of the
earth as modified by the earth’s rotation,
equal to acceleration of a freely
moving body at the rate of 32.16 feet
per second. Example: If a 100-pound
load places a 300-pound stress on the
parachute during opening, the shock
is 3 Gs.
GAUGE—The space between needles
on a sewing machine.
GLIDE—The horizontal movement
of the canopy.
GORE—That portion of the
canopy contained between two adjacent
suspension lines and the area
between them, extending from the
apex of the canopy to the skirt.
GROMMET—A metal eyelet,
used as a reinforcement around a
hole in fabric. Grommets are used on
pack flaps to fit over locking cones or
loops.
GROSS WEIGHT— The complete
weight of the parachute assembly.
H
H.A.L.O.—High Altitude, Low
Opening.
HANDLE—Ripcord handpull or
grip.
HARDWARE—All metal parts
associated with parachutes, parachute
systems, and their suspended loads.
HARNESS—An arrangement of
cotton, linen, or nylon webbing
which is designed to conform to the
shape of the load to be carried in
order to secure it properly so that the
opening shock and the weight of the
load are evenly distributed during
descent.
HESITATOR LOOP—One of a
series of webbing loops which hold
the suspension lines in an orderly
position in the container when the
parachute is packed and which pay
the lines out in sequence (hesitate) for
orderly deployment.
HOT KNIFE—An electrically
heated cutting tool used to cut and
sear webbing and fabrics.
HOUSING CLAMP STIFFENER—
A metal plate sewn to the
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Parachute Rigger Handbook(106)
