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Block construction is where the warp threads of the panels
are parallel to the hem of the canopy. Block construction
gained in popularity in the lightweight sport reserves of the
1970s and 1980s. They were easier to build and packed
smaller. An example of this design is the Phantom/Aerostar
canopies, manufactured by National Parachute Industries,
Inc.
OPERATIONAL THEORY
The rigger must have knowledge of how the parachute
functions. Without this, the rigger may not be able to
assemble the correct components so that they function as
a complete assembly. While the manufacturer may specify
what components are to be used with their particular
design, with the vast numbers of products on the market
today, there are an infinite number of combinations being
used by the skydiving community. While seeming to be
compatible with each other, many designs have subtle differences
that affect their performance and operation.
MATERIALS
The materials used in construction have changed over the
last several years. This has resulted in better performance
and durability. The use of incorrect materials can have a
detrimental effect on the opening, flying, and landing
characteristics of the parachute. The growth in popularity
of the ram-air canopies in the 1970s required new fabrics
for the designs to function. Very low permeability fabric
was necessary for the canopy to remain inflated and maintain
the aerodynamic airfoil shape. To reduce the drag
created by the suspension lines, newer lightweight, and
high-strength materials were used. First Dacron®, followed
by Kevlar®, and now Spectra® and Vectran®.
While reducing the line bulk and drag, these materials
have introduced newer problems into the designs.
The ultra-low permeability fabrics inflate faster, and have
almost zero stretch. As a result, the opening forces
increase considerably. These effects have contributed to
newer packing and deployment methods to reduce the
loads on the parachutist and harness. These, in turn, affect
the design of the container systems. Using this as an
example, the rigger can see the chain of cause and effect
in the design process. Complete coverage of materials is
presented in chapter 3 of this handbook.
DAMAGE
Damage patterns identified during the inspection of
canopies can highlight problems caused from packing or
incorrect use. By being able to identify these patterns, the
rigger can provide the user with correct technique and,
thereby, prevent possible injury or death. In addition, the
rigger can provide valuable feedback to the manufacturer
of potentially serious problems with new designs once
they have been subjected to real world conditions. While
manufacturers conduct extensive testing programs before
Figure 2-5. Conventional containers.
2-5
releasing new products to the market, very often, subtle
problems do not arise until the parachute has been in the
field for an extended period of time.
CONTAINERS
The container component assembly of the parachute system
is that part which encloses the canopy(s) and lines,
the deployment device if used, and the pilot chute. It is
held closed by the use of cones or loops, which are
secured by ripcord pins or locking pins such as are used
on hand deploy systems. Containers may consist of single
units as are used on pilot emergency systems, or multiple
units such as are used on skydiving piggyback systems.
The term “pack” is used interchangeably with container.
The harness and container assembly may be called the
pack and harness. The term “packtray” is used to refer to
the bottom panel or section of the container where the
lines may be stowed during packing.
Early containers were simply a bag-shaped unit that the
canopy was stuffed into and then tied closed. The parachute
was static line deployed and the parachutist simply
fell away from the balloon or aircraft allowing the canopy
to deploy. With the advent of manually deployed free fall
systems, the need for a more secure and tailored design
became evident.
Originally, the parachute systems were identified by the
position at which they were located in relation to the body
of the user. These were the back parachute, seat parachute,
chest parachute, and lap parachute. The containers
were usually rectangular in shape with four
closing flaps. These configurations were primarily dictated
by the need to fit the assembly into the cockpit of
the aircraft.
With the growth of skydiving, the container configurations
and the associated terminology changed. The original
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Parachute Rigger Handbook(16)
