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ADs issued by the Administrator. These ADs prescribe
certain actions to be taken by the parachute rigger in
order to ensure the safety and function of parachutes that
have been found in some manner to be defective. If the
parachute rigger does not comply with the AD, the
parachute rigger cannot pack, maintain, or alter the
affected parachute. ADs are mailed to each certificated
parachute rigger on the FAA listing. If the parachute
rigger has moved and not complied with the requirements
for an address change, the rigger may not receive the AD.
This introduces an additional problem. Under 14 CFR
part 65, subpart A—General, section 65.21, airmen must
register their change of address within 30 days of moving
or they are not able to exercise the privileges of their
certificate.
14 CFR PART 91—GENERAL OPERATING
AND FLIGHT RULES
Section 91.307 deals with parachutes and parachuting.
This section defines an “approved parachute” and states
the repack time for parachutes. Both of these are of vital
interest to the parachute rigger.
14 CFR PART 105 SUBPART C—
PARACHUTE EQUIPMENT AND PACKING
This part deals with the use of parachutes in the United
States. The following areas are of interest to parachute
riggers:
• Main parachutes used for intentional jumping must be
packed by the person jumping or by a U.S. certificated
parachute rigger.
1-9
• The auxiliary parachute must be packed by a certificated
and appropriately rated parachute rigger.
• If the parachute is made from synthetic materials, it
must be packed within 120 days of its use. If it is made
from materials subject to mold or mildew, then it must
be packed within 60 days of use.
• If a main static line is used, it must meet certain
requirements as to its use and configuration.
• An approved parachute is defined as a parachute
manufactured under a type certificate or a Technical
Standard Order (C-23 series), or a personnel-carrying
U.S. military parachute (other than a high altitude,
high speed, or ejection type) identified by a Navy Air
Facility, an Army Air Field, and Air Force-Navy
drawing number, an Army Air Field order number, or
any military designation or specification number.
RIGGING ETHICS
As parachute riggers gain additional experience, they are
occasionally faced with situations that involve less than
ideal circumstances. Some examples are: if a new jumper
purchases old or damaged equipment that may or may not
be airworthy, or if a pilot purchases an acrobatic plane
that has a parachute that is far too small for his/her
weight. These situations involve more than just the
technical knowledge for a parachute rigger certificate.
In the case of the pilot above, depending on which TSO
the parachute is certified, there may be a weight and speed
limitation for the system. For example, TSO C23c category
B has a limitation of 254-pound exit weight and a
speed limitation of 150 knots. Imagine a pilot who weighs
225 pounds and his airplane regularly exceeds the 150-
knot envelope during maneuvering. If this pilot brings a
parachute to a parachute rigger for repacking, the first
thing the parachute rigger should notice is the size of the
pilot. When the parachute rigger inspects the parachute,
he notices that it has a 22-foot diameter round canopy.
The parachute rigger finds that with the pilot at 225
pounds, his clothes at 5 pounds, and the parachute at 20
pounds, he is at 250 pounds or just under the limit.
However, in looking at the owner’s manual, the parachute
rigger cannot find any information in the weight-carrying
limit of the canopy. In addition, this particular parachute
was made by a company that is no longer in business. The
parachute appears to be in good condition visually but is
30 years old. In this situation, the parachute rigger is
faced with a number of questionable areas that are
detailed below.
CERTIFICATION SPECIFICATIONS
The practical circumstances surrounding the above pilot’s
use of the parachute is at the maximum limits of the certification
specifications of the parachute. If he does not eat
a big breakfast or gain much weight before using the parachute,
he might stay under the weight limit. The speed
limitation will probably be exceeded on a regular basis
during acrobatic maneuvers. If he needs to use the parachute
at some point, there should be enough of a safety
margin built into the design and testing of the parachute
to be sufficient.
PILOT VS PARACHUTE SIZE
With 250 pounds under a 22-foot diameter canopy, the
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Parachute Rigger Handbook(12)
