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and containers integrated into one assembly, but
many military assemblies may be disassembled into separate
harness and container subassemblies. The following
Figure 2-1. Component parts of a main parachute assembly.
items are subcomponents of the harness/container assembly
and are shown in figure 2-2.
PILOT CHUTES AND BRIDLES FOR THE
MAIN AND RESERVE PARACHUTES
The pilot chute is a small parachute or similar device,
which enters the airstream when released to act as a drag
device and withdraw the canopy from the container. As
such, it maintains tension on the canopy and lines during
the deployment process. Pilot chutes are either springloaded
or manually thrown into the airstream as a “hand
deployed” pilot chute. Some military or emergency pilot
chutes are ballistically deployed. A bridle is a piece of
line or webbing that connects the canopy or deployment
device to the pilot chute.
RIPCORDS OR EQUIVALENT DEVICES FOR
THE MAIN AND RESERVE PARACHUTES
The ripcord is a device for securing the container closed
prior to use. It usually consists of a handle, a flexible
cable, one or more pins, and a device for securing the
cable to the handle. Some modern ripcords use a stiffened
cable instead of a pin.
DEPLOYMENT DEVICES FOR THE MAIN
AND RESERVE PARACHUTES
Deployment devices are designed to provide an orderly
and controlled deployment of the parachute during use.
Typical devices include bags, sleeves, pockets, straps,
and sliders.
MAIN PARACHUTE RELEASE MECHANISM
AND ASSOCIATED HANDLES OR STATIC
LINES
The main parachute release mechanism has two parts.
One part is attached to the harness and the other to the
risers. These types may utilize a separate release handle.
In addition, the reserve may employ a static line to
activate it.
RISERS, MAIN OR RESERVE,WHEN NOT
INTEGRAL WITH THE HARNESS OR
CANOPY, AND THEIR ASSOCIATED
STEERING TOGGLES
Risers are part of the suspension system between
the lines and the harness or load. Generally made
of webbing, emergency parachutes usually have the risers
integral to the harness. Risers used on sport or military
systems used for intentional jumping have release
mechanisms installed. Steering toggles are usually
design specific to the riser for the type of canopy
installed.
OTHER HARNESS/CONTAINER ASSEMBLY
COMPONENTS
Other components designed to function as part of the
harness/container assembly, such as closing loops, also
may be used. Closing loops used with automatic activation
devices (AADs) on reserve or emergency parachutes
are usually design specific to ensure proper operation of
the system.
TSO STANDARDS
The original TSO C23b for parachutes came into existence
in 1949. The specifications were revised in 1984 to
C23c and again in 1994 to C23d. The TSO is a simple
two-page document that specifies the requirements for
certification. This document also references a performance
standard that the parachute must meet. C23b parachutes
were tested to standards under National Aircraft
Standards Specifications NAS-804. When the TSO was
revised in 1984, the specification document was drafted
under the auspices of the Society of Automotive
Engineers (SAE) S-17 committee as Aerospace Standard
AS-8015. When the TSO was revised again in 1994, the
revised document became AS-8015b with the original as
AS-8015a. Figure 2-3 is a table showing the pertinent
points of each of the TSO certifications. For a more thorough
study of the documents, refer to Appendix I.
The TSO system consists of two parts. The first is the performance
standards listed above. This ensures that the
parachute will perform as specified. The second is the
production approval, which ensures that the manufacturer
is able to produce the parachute as designed and tested.
While minor design changes are allowed, any major
design change must be submitted to the FAA for approval
Figure 2-2. Subcomponents of the harness/container
assembly.
2-2
Harness
3-ring
Lower leg
strap
Hip ring
Upper leg strap
Chest
strap
Horizontal
back strap
Main
parachute
Reserve
parachute
Container
Upper main
lift web
Lower
main
lift
web
Main pilot chute
and bridle
Reserve pilot Main deployment bag
chute
Reserve
ripcord
RSL
lanyard
Reserve deployment bag Main risers and toggles
3-ring
release handle
2-3
before implementation. A major change is any that will
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Parachute Rigger Handbook(14)
