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equipped with an engine that enables them to launch
without assistance and return to an airport under
engine power if soaring conditions deteriorate.
THE FUSELAGE
The fuselage is the portion of the airframe to which the
wings and empennage are attached. The fuselage
houses the cockpit and contains the controls for the
glider, as well as a seat for each occupant. Glider fuselages
can be formed from wood, fabric over steel tubing,
aluminum, fiberglass, kevlar or carbon fiber
composites, or a combination of these materials.
[Figure 2-1]
WINGS AND COMPONENTS
Glider wings incorporate several components, which
help the pilot in maintaining the attitude of the glider
Figure 2-1. Components of a glider.
2-2
and changes the wing’s chord line. Both of these
factors increase the lifting capacity of the wing. The
slotted flap is similar to the plain flap. In addition to
changing the wing’s camber and chord line, it also
allows a portion of the higher pressure air beneath
the wing to travel through a slot. This increases
the velocity of the airflow over the flap and provides
additional lift.
Another type of flap is the Fowler flap. When extended,
it moves rearward as well as down. This rearward motion
increases the total wing area, as well as the camber and
chord line. Negative flap is used at high speeds where
wing lift reduction is desired to reduce drag.
When the flaps are extended in an upward direction, or
negative setting, the camber of the wing is reduced,
resulting in a reduction of lift produced by the wing at a
fixed angle of attack and airspeed.
and controlling lift and drag. These include ailerons,
as well as lift and drag devices, such as spoilers, dive
brakes, and flaps.
The ailerons control movement around the longitudi -
nal axis. This is known as roll. The ailerons are
attached to the outboard tailing edge of each wing and
move in the opposite direction from each other.
Moving the control stick to the right causes the right
aileron to deflect upward and the left aileron to deflect
downward. The upward deflection of the right aileron
decreases the camber resulting in decreased lift on the
right wing. The corresponding downward deflection
of the left aileron increases the camber resulting in
increased lift on the left wing. Thus, the increased lift
on the left wing and decreased lift on the right wing
causes the glider to roll to the right.
LIFT/DRAG DEVICES
Gliders are equipped with devices that modify the lift
and drag of the wing. High drag devices include spoilers,
dive brakes, and flaps. Spoilers extend from the
upper surface of the wing interrupting or spoiling the
airflow over the wings. This action causes the glider to
descend more rapidly. Dive brakes extend from both the
upper and lower surfaces of the wing and help to increase
drag. [Figure 2-2]
Flaps are located on the trailing edge of the wing, inboard
of the ailerons, and can be used to increase lift, drag, and
descent rate. When the glider is cruising at moderate airspeeds
in wings-level flight, the flaps are set to zero
degree deflection and are in trail with the wing. When the
flap is extended downward, wing camber is increased,
and the lift and the drag of the wing increase.
There are several different types of flaps. [Figure 2-3]
The plain flap is the simplest of the four types. When
deflected downward, it increases the effective camber
Figure 2-2. Types of lift/drag devices.
Figure 2-3. The four different types of flaps.
THE EMPENNAGE
The empennage includes the entire tail section, consisting
of fixed surfaces, such as the horizontal stabilizer
and the vertical fin, or stabilizer. These two fixed
surfaces act like the feathers on an arrow to steady the
glider and help maintain a straight path through the air.
The movable surfaces include the elevator and the rudder.
[Figure 2-4]
2-3
The elevator is attached to the back of the horizontal
stabilizer. The elevator controls movement around the
lateral axis. This is known as pitch. During flight, the
elevator is used to move the nose up and down, which
controls the pitch attitude of the glider. The trim tab
normally located on the elevator of the glider lessens
the resistance you feel on the flight controls due to the
airflow over the associated control surface.
The rudder is attached to the back of the vertical
stabilizer. The rudder controls movement about the
vertical axis. This is known as yaw. The rudder is used
in combination with the ailerons and elevator to coordinate
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Glider Flying Handbook(21)
