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items are accomplished, and checked, oxygen
turned on, drinking water in the glider, etc. Examples of
checklists include the following.
• Items to take to the gliderport (food, water,
battery, charts, barograph).
• Assembly (follow the Glider Flight Manual/Pilot’s
Operating Handbook [GFM/POH] and add items
as needed).
• Pre-launch (water, food, charts, glide calculator,
oxygen on, sunscreen, cell phone).
• Pre-take-off checklist itself.
Being better organized before the flight leads to less
stress during the flight, thus enhancing flight safety.
PERSONAL AND SPECIAL EQUIPMENT
Many items not required for local soaring are needed
for cross-country flights. Pilot comfort and physiology
is even more important on cross-country flights since
these flights often last longer than local flights. An adequate
supply of drinking water is essential to avoid
dehydration. Many pilots use the backpack drinking
system with readily accessible hose and bite-valve that
is often used by bicyclists. This system is easily stowed
beside the pilot, allowing frequent sips of water. A
relief system also may be needed on longer flights.
Cross-country flights can last anywhere from two to
eight hours or more, so food of some kind is also a good
idea.
Several items should be carried in case there is an offfield
landing. (For more details, see Chapter 8—
Abnormal and Emergency Procedures.) First, a system
for securing the glider is necessary, as is a land-out kit
for the pilot. The kit will vary depending on the population
density and climate of the soaring area. For
instance, in the Great Basin in the United States, a safe
landing site may be many miles from the nearest road
or ranch house. Since weather is often hot and dry during
the soaring season, extra water and food should be
added items. Carrying good walking shoes is a good
idea as well. A cell phone may prove useful for landouts
in areas with sparse telephone coverage. Some
11-3
pilots elect to carry an Emergency Locator Transmitter
(ELT) in remote areas in case of mishap during an offfield
landing.
Cross-country soaring requires some means of measuring
distances to calculate glides to the next source of
lift or the next suitable landing area. Distances can be
measured using a sectional chart and navigational plotter
with the appropriate scale, or by use of Global
Positioning System (GPS). If GPS is used, a sectional
and plotter should be carried as a backup. Aplotter may
be made of clear plastic with a straight edge on the bottom
marked with nautical or statute miles for a sectional
scale on one side and World Aeronautical Chart
(WAC) scale on the other. On the top of the plotter is a
protractor or semicircle with degrees marked for measuring
course angles. A small reference index hole is
located in the center of the semicircle. [Figure 11-2]
Glide calculations must take into account any headwind
or tailwind, as well as speeds to fly through varying
sink rates. Tools range widely in their level of
sophistication, but all are based on the performance
polar for the particular glider. The simplest glide aide is
a table showing altitudes required for distance vs. wind,
which can be derived from the polar. To avoid a table
with too many numbers, which could be confusing,
some interpolation is often needed. Another option is a
circular glide calculator as shown in Figure 11-3. This
tool allows the pilot to read the altitude needed for any
distance and can be set for various estimated headwinds
and tailwinds. Circular glide calculators also
make it easy to determine whether you are actually
achieving the desired glide, since heavy sink or a
stronger-than-estimated headwind can cause you to
lose more height with distance than was indicated by
the calculator. For instance, the settings in Figure 11-3
indicate that for the estimated 10-knot headwind, 3,600
feet is required to glide 18 miles. After gliding 5 miles,
you should still have 2,600 feet. Note that this only
gives the altitude required to make the glide. You must
also add the ground elevation and an altitude cushion
to set up the pattern.
In addition to a glide calculator, a MacCready ring on
the variometer allows the pilot to easily read the speed
to fly for different sink rates. MacCready rings are specific
to the type of glider and are based on the glider performance
polar.(See Chapter 4–Flight Instruments for a
description of the MacCready ring.) Accurately flying
the correct speed in sinking air, while flying slower in
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Glider Flying Handbook(150)
