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result from sleep loss, exercise, or physical work.
Factors, such as stress and prolonged performance
of cognitive work, can result in mental
fatigue.
Fatigue falls into two broad categories; acute
fatigue (short-term) and chronic fatigue (longterm).
Acute fatigue is short-lived and is a normal
occurrence in everyday living. It is the kind of
tiredness people feel after a period of strenuous
effort, excitement, or lack of sleep. Rest after
exertion and eight hours of sound sleep ordinarily
cures this condition.
A special type of acute fatigue, skill fatigue has
two main effects on performance:
• Timing disruption—You appear to perform
a task as usual, but the timing of each
component is slightly off. This makes the
pattern of the operation less smooth,
because you perform each component as
though it were separate, instead of part of
an integrated activity.
• Disruption of the perceptual field—You
concentrate your attention upon movements
or objects in the center of your vision
and neglect those in the periphery. This
may be accompanied by loss of accuracy
and smoothness in control movements.
Acute fatigue has many causes, but the following
are among the most important for the pilot.
• Mild hypoxia (oxygen deficiency)
• Physical stress
• Psychological stress
• Depletion of physical energy resulting
from psychological stress
Acute fatigue can be prevented by a proper diet
and adequate rest and sleep. A well-balanced diet
prevents the body from having to consume its
own tissues as an energy source. Adequate rest
maintains the body’s store of vital energy.
Sustained psychological stress accelerates the
glandular secretions that prepare the body for quick
reactions during an emergency. These secretions
make the circulatory and respiratory systems work
harder, and the liver releases energy to provide the
extra fuel needed for brain and muscle work. When
this reserve energy supply is depleted, the body
lapses into chronic fatigue.
Chronic fatigue, extending over a long period of
time, usually has psychological roots, although an
underlying disease is sometimes responsible.
Continuous high stress levels, for example, can
produce chronic fatigue. Chronic fatigue is not
relieved by proper diet and
adequate rest and sleep, and usually requires
1-16
treatment from your doctor. You may experience
this condition in the form of weakness, tiredness,
palpitations of the heart, breathlessness,
headaches, or irritability. Sometimes chronic
fatigue even creates stomach or intestinal problems
and generalized aches and pains throughout
the body. When the condition becomes
serious enough, it can lead to emotional illness.
If you find yourself suffering from acute fatigue,
stay on the ground. If you become fatigued in the
cockpit, no amount of training or experience can
overcome the detrimental effects. Getting adequate
rest is the only way to prevent fatigue from
occurring. You should avoid flying when you have
not had a full night’s rest, when you have been
working excessive hours, or have had an especially
exhausting or stressful day. If you suspect
you are suffering from chronic fatigue, consult
your doctor.
DEHYDRATION AND HEATSTROKE
Dehydration is the term given to a critical loss of
water from the body. The first noticeable effect of
dehydration is fatigue, which in turn makes top
physical and mental performance difficult, if not
impossible. As a glider pilot, you often fly for a
long period of time in hot summer temperatures
or at high altitudes. This makes you particularly
susceptible to dehydration for two reasons: the
clear canopy offers no protection from the sun
and, at high altitude, there are fewer air pollutants
to diffuse the sun’s rays. The result is that you
are continually exposed to heat that your body
attempts to regulate by perspiration. If this fluid is
not replaced, fatigue progresses to dizziness,
weakness, nausea, tingling of hands and feet,
abdominal cramps, and extreme thirst.
Heatstroke is a condition caused by any inability
of the body to control its temperature. Onset of
this condition may be recognized by the symptoms
of dehydration, but also has been known to
be recognized only by
complete collapse. To prevent these symptoms, it
is recommended that you carry an ample supply
of water and use it at frequent intervals on any
long flight, whether you are thirsty or not. Wearing
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Glider Flying Handbook(18)
