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the glider’s speed, particularly in
gliders without flaps or with inoperative
spoilers.
GLIDER—A heavier-than-air aircraft
that is supported in flight by
the dynamic reaction of the air
against its lifting surfaces, and
whose free flight does not depend
on an engine.
GRAUPEL—Also called soft hail
or snow pellets, these are white,
round or conical ice particles 1/8 to
1/4 inch diameter. They often form
as a thunderstorm matures and
indicate the likelihood of lightning.
Meteorological Conditions
(VMC). Gliders rarely fly in IMC
due to instrumentation and air traffic
control requirements.
INVERSION—Usually refers to
an increase in temperature with
height, but may also be used for
other atmospheric variables.
ISOHUMES—Lines of equal relative
humidity.
ISOPLETH—A line connecting
points of constant or equal value.
ISOTHERM—A contour line of
equal temperature.
KATABATIC—Used to describe
any wind blowing down slope.
KINETIC ENERGY—Energy due
to motion, defined as one half mass
times velocity squared.
LAPSE RATE—The decrease
with height of an atmospheric variable,
usually referring to temperature,
but can also apply to
pressure or density.
LATERAL AXIS—An imaginary
straight line drawn perpendicularly
(laterally) across the fuselage and
through the center of gravity. Pitch
movement occurs around the lateral
axis, and is controlled by the
elevator.
LENTICULAR CLOUD—
Smooth, lens-shaped clouds
marking mountain-wave crests.
They may extend the entire length
of the mountain range producing
the wave and are also called wave
clouds or lennies by glider pilots.
LIFT—Produced by the dynamic
effects of the airstream acting on
the wing, lift opposes the downward
force of weight.
LIMIT LOAD—The maximum
GROUND EFFECT—A reduction
in induced drag for the same
amount of lift produced. Within one
wingspan above the ground, the
decrease in induced drag enables
the glider to fly at a slower airspeed.
In ground effect, a lower
angle of attack is required to produce
the same amount of lift.
HEIGHT BAND—The altitude
range in which the thermals are
strongest on any given day.
Remain-ing with the height band
on a cross-country flight should
allow the fastest average speed.
HOUSE THERMAL—A thermal
that forms frequently in the same
or similar location.
HUMAN FACTORS—The study
of how people interact with their
environments. In the case of general
aviation, it is the study of how
pilot performance is influenced by
such issues as the design of cockpits,
the function of the organs of
the body, the effects of emotions,
and the interaction and communication
with the other participants of
the aviation community, such as
other crewmembers and air traffic
control personnel.
INDUCED DRAG—Drag that is
the consequence of developing lift
with a finite-span wing. It can be
represented by a vector that
results from the difference
between total and vertical lift.
INERTIA—The tendency of a
mass at rest to remain at rest, or if
in motion to remain in motion,
unless acted upon by some external
force.
INSTRUMENT
METEOROLOGICAL
CONDITIONS (IMC)—Meteorological
conditions expressed in
terms of visibility, distance from
cloud, and ceiling less than the
minimum specified for Visual
G-4
load, expressed as multiples of
positive and negative G (force of
gravity), that an aircraft can sustain
before structural damage
becomes possible. The load limit
varies from aircraft to aircraft.
LOAD FACTOR—The ratio of
the load supported by the glider’s
wings to the actual weight of the
aircraft and its contents.
LONGITUDINAL AXIS—An
imaginary straight line running
through the fuselage from nose to
tail. Roll movement occurs around
the longitudinal axis, and is controlled
by the ailerons.
MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE
SYSTEM (MCS)—A large cluster
of thunderstorms with horizontal
dimensions on the order of 100
miles. MCSs are sometimes
organized in a long line of thunderstorms
(e.g., a squall line) or as a
random grouping of thunderstorms.
Individual thunderstorms
within the MCS may be severe.
MICROBURST—A small-sized
downburst of 2.2 nautical mile or
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Glider Flying Handbook(166)
