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wave crest and the wave trough.
ANGLE OF ATTACK—The
angle formed between the relative
wind and the chord line of the
wing.
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE—The
angle between the chord line of
the wing and the longitudinal axis
of the glider. The angle of incidence
is built into the glider by the
manufacturer and cannot be
adjusted by the pilot’s movements
of the controls.
ASPECT RATIO—The ratio between
the wing span and the mean
chord of the wing.
BEST GLIDE SPEED (BEST
L/D SPEED)—The airspeed that
results in the least amount of altitude
loss over a given distance.
This speed is determined from the
performance polar. The manufacturer
publishes the best glide (L/D)
airspeed for specified weights and
the resulting glide ratio. For example,
a glide ratio of 36:1 means
that the glider will lose 1 foot of altitude
for every 36 feet of forward
movement in still air at this airspeed.
CAMBER—The curvature of a
wing when looking at a cross section.
A wing has upper camber on
its top surface and lower camber
on its bottom surface.
CAP CLOUD—Also called a
foehn cloud. These are clouds
forming on mountain or ridge tops
by cooling of moist air rising on the
upwind side followed by warming
and drying by downdrafts on the
lee side.
CENTERING—Adjusting circles
while thermalling to provide the
greatest average climb.
CENTER OF PRESSURE—
The point along the wing chord line
where lift is considered to be concentrated.
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE—The
apparent force occurring in curvilinear
motion acting to deflect objects
outward from the axis of rotation.
For instance, when pulling out of a
dive, it is the force pushing you
down in your seat.
ASYMMETRICAL
AIRFOIL—One in which the upper
camber differs from the lower camber.
ATMOSPHERIC
SOUNDING—A measure of
atmo-spheric variables aloft, usually
pressure, temperature, humidity,
and wind.
ATMOSPHERIC
STABILITY—Describes a state in
which an air parcel will resist vertical
displacement, or once displaced
(for instance by flow over a
hill) will tend to return to its original
level.
BAILOUT BOTTLE—Small oxygen
cylinder connected to the oxygen
mask supplying several
minutes of oxygen. It can be used
in case of primary oxygen system
failure or if an emergency bailout
at high altitude became necessary.
BALLAST—Term used to
describe any system that adds
weight to the glider. Performance
ballast employed in some gliders
increases wing loading using
releasable water in the wings (via
integral tanks or water bags).
This allows faster average crosscountry
speeds. Trim ballast is
used to adjust the flying CG, often
necessary for light-weight pilots.
Some gliders also have a small
water ballast tank in the tail for
optimizing flying CG.
BAROGRAPH—Instrument for
recording pressure as a function of
time. Used by glider pilots to verify
flight performance for badge or
record flights.
G-1
G-2
CENTRIPETAL FORCE—The
force in curvilinear motion acting
toward the axis of rotation. For
instance, when pulling out of a
dive, it is the force that the seat
exerts on the pilot to offset the centrifugal
force.
CHORD LINE—An imaginary
straight line drawn from the leading
edge of an airfoil to the trailing
edge.
CLOUD STREETS—Parallel rows
of cumulus clouds. Each row can be
as short as 10 miles or as long as a
100 miles or more.
COLD SOAKED—Condition of
a self-launch or sustainer engine
making it difficult or impossible to
start in flight due to long-time
exposure to cold temperatures.
Usually occurs after a long soaring
flight at altitudes with cold temperatures,
e.g., a wave flight.
CONVECTION—Transport and
mixing of an atmospheric variable
due to vertical mass motions (e.g.,
updrafts).
CONVECTIVE CONDENSATION
LEVEL (CCL)—The level at
which cumulus will form from surface-
based convection. Under this
level, the air is dry adiabatic, and
the mixing ratio is constant.
CONVENTIONAL TAIL—A
glider design with the horizontal
stabilizer mounted at the bottom of
the vertical stabilizer.
CONVERGENCE—A net
increase
in the mass of air over a specified
area due to horizontal wind speed
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Glider Flying Handbook(164)
