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desirability of undertaking or continuing the flight as
planned. It is worth asking yourself why the flight is
being made, how critical is it to maintain the
schedule, and is the trip worth the risks? For
instance, you
are giving glider rides at a busy commercial glider
operation located near a mountain range on an
extremely windy and turbulent day with strong
downdrafts. Would it be better to wait for better
conditions to ensure safe flight? How would your
priorities change if your boss told you he only wanted
you to take one more flight and then you could call it
a day?
ASSESSING RISK
Examining National Transportation Safety Board
(NTSB) reports and other accident research can
help you to assess risk more effectively. For
e x a m p l e ,
studies indicate the types of flight activities that
are most likely to result in the most serious accidents.
For gliders, takeoff and landing accidents
consistently account for over 90 percent of the
total number of
accidents in any given year.
Causal factors for takeoff accidents are evenly
divided between loss of directional control, collision
with obstructions during takeoff, mechanical factors,
and a premature termination of the tow. Accidents
occurring during the landing phase of flight consistently
account for an overwhelming majority of injury
to pilots and damage to aircraft. This has proven to
be especially true during recent years in which
approximately 80 percent of all glider accidents
occurred during the landing phase
of flight. Accidents are more likely during takeoff
and landing because the tolerance for error is
g r e a t l y
diminished and opportunities for pilots to overcome
errors in judgment and decision-making become
increasingly limited. The most common causal factors
for landing accidents include collision with
obstructions in the intended landing area. [Figure
1-5]
FACTORS AFFECTING DECISION
MAKING
It is important to point out the fact that being
familiar with the decision-making process does
not ensure that you will have the good judgment
to be a safe pilot. The ability to make effective
decisions as pilot in
command depends on a number of factors.
S o m e
circumstances, such as the time available to
Figure 1-7. You must be able to identify hazardous attitudes and
apply the appropriate antidote when needed.
Figure 1-6. Prior to flight, you should assess your fitness, just as
you evaluate the aircraft’s airworthiness.
1-7
make a decision, may be beyond your control.
However, you can learn to recognize those factors
that can be managed and learn skills to
improve decision-making ability and judgment.
PILOT SELF-ASSESSMENT
The pilot in command of an aircraft is directly
responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the
o p e r a t i o n
of that aircraft. In order to effectively exercise that
responsibility and make effective decisions
regarding the outcome of a flight, you must have
an understanding of your limitations. Your performance
during a flight is affected by many factors,
such as health, recency of experience,
knowledge, skill level, and attitude.
Exercising good judgment begins prior to taking
the controls of an aircraft. Often, pilots thoroughly
check their aircraft to determine airworthiness,
yet do not evaluate their own fitness for flight. Just
as a checklist is used when preflighting an aircraft,
a personal checklist based on such factors as
experience, currency, and comfort level can help
determine if you are prepared for a particular
flight. Specifying when refresher training should
be accomplished and designating weather minimums,
which may be higher than those listed in
Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14
CFR) part 91, are elements that may be included
on a personal checklist. In addition to a review of
personal limitations, you should use the I’M
SAFE Checklist to further evaluate your fitness
for flight. [Figure 1-6]
RECOGNIZING HAZARDOUS ATTITUDES
Being fit to fly depends on more than just your
physical condition and recency of experience.
For example, attitude affects the quality of your
decisions. Attitude can be defined as a personal
Figure 1-8. You should examine your decisions carefully to ensure that your choices have not been influenced by a hazardous attitude.
Figure 1-9. The three types of stressors that can affect a pilot’s performance.
1-8
motivational predisposition to respond to persons,
situations, or events in a given manner.
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Glider Flying Handbook(10)
