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Radar vectoring in achieving efficient use of airspace.
3.2.3.7.5 In defining these tactical separation rules, States should ensure that safety is assured in all circumstances through:
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the definition, if so required, of specific separation minima depending on the activities conducted in reserved airspace, with the addition of an adequate buffer;
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the application of appropriate LoAs between civil and military units involved;
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the promulgation of the first usable IFR flight levels above/below an area in the definition of associated ATS routes.
3.2.3.8 Co-ordination of airspace reservation - TRA/TSA utilisation
3.2.3.8.1 For an efficient Temporary Airspace Allocation (TAA) process, ASM Level 2 requires the designation of an Approved Agency (AA) for the co-ordination of TRA/TSA utilisation and for the daily submission of corresponding airspace requests to the AMC the day before operations.
3.2.4 Guidelines for the Establishment of Airspace Restriction
3.2.4.1 Requirements for Airspace Restriction (Danger, Restricted or Prohibited Areas)
3.2.4.1.1 The FUA Concept recommends that where possible, D and R Areas are replaced by an airspace reservation (see Chapter 3.2.3 above) or modified by applying the TAA process when the airspace restriction is manageable at Level 2. However, States may have a continuing requirement to retain D and R Areas; e.g. Danger Areas over the High Seas (see Chapter 3.2.5).
3.2.4.1.2 Other D and R areas in some ATS classes of airspace may also not be suitable for replacement by an airspace reservation (TRA, TSA), either because of difficulty in the notification of airspace status to interested airspace users, or because of national and international legal requirements. For example a TSA, though managed as closely as possible to real-time requirements, may be more restrictive than existing D and R areas which can be penetrated by non-participating aircraft under specific and published conditions. Should the changing of some D and R Areas into TRA or TSA impose unreasonable constraints to users, States should retain these D and R Areas.
3.2.4.2 Criteria for pre-defining airspace restriction volumes (P/R/D)
3.2.4.2.1 For the delineation of any restricted airspace volumes (P, R or D), the State 'Due Regard' obligation should be strategically observed so that participating activity will not endanger non-participating aircraft operating at or near its published limits. Distinct/individual boundaries should preferably be defined for activities in adjacent airspace. However, where it is necessary to define a common boundary, appropriate measures governing operations in the proximity of the common boundary should be established (see Section 1).
3.2.4.2.2 The establishment of a common boundary should always be complemented by tactical rules. These can be part of the national air law and/or take the form of LoAs between units involved. Such rules should be as flexible as possible taking into account the following :
Edition: 2.0 Released Issue Page 3-7
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Efficient airspace design and operation ensuring no waste of airspace;
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Radar vectoring in achieving efficient use of airspace.
3.2.4.2.3 In defining these tactical separation rules, States should ensure that safety is assured in all circumstances through:
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the definition, if so required, of specific separation minima depending on the activities conducted in restricted airspace, with the addition of an adequate buffer;
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