1.2.3.5 Restrictions and reservations constitute a limitation to access such airspace by non-participating aircraft, with the associated restrictive effects on flight operations.
1.2.3.6 For the ECAC States, in accordance with Flexible Use of Airspace (FUA) principles, airspace restrictions and reservations should only be applied for limited periods of time and should be terminated as soon as the relevant activity ceases. [see EUROCONTROL Handbook for Airspace Management].
1.3 TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH AIRSPACE DELINEATION
1.3.1 Controlled Airspace
1.3.1.1 ICAO Annex 11, Chapter 2, contains Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) regarding the delineation of controlled airspace, including Recommended Practices which address the establishment of lower and upper limits for a control area whilst taking into account both IFR and VFR flights.
1.3.2 Airspace subject to Reservation/Restriction
1.3.2.1 If specific guidelines for the delineation of reserved/restricted airspace do not exist in State publications or legislation, it is recommended that relevant guidelines as contained in this manual be taken into account.
1.3.2.2 When establishing TRAs/TSAs, D or R areas, the boundaries should encompass airspace to contain the activity and ensure that VFR aircraft which are operating on the vertical and/or horizontal limits of the reserved/restricted area are not endangered by the activity within.
1.3.2.3 In addition to establishing ATS Airspace Class C above FL 195, accommodation of various types of ‘special’ GAT VFR flights above FL 195 will be made in airspace reserved for that purpose (TRAs/TSAs) or in accordance with specific arrangements agreed by the appropriate ATS authority (see Section 2).
1.3.3 Published Limits and Protected Airspace
1.3.3.1 Being three dimensional, airspace structures have to be described in terms of horizontal and vertical dimensions and the limits thereof published in national AIPs will be called "Published Limits" (see para. 1.4.7).
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1.3.3.2 In order to provide protection between activities in adjacent airspace, a “Protected Airspace” should be developed to contain each activity safely within its horizontal and vertical published limits.
1.3.3.3 It is recommended to clearly specify assumptions applied when establishing the published limits of any airspace structures. Any such assumptions, particularly with regards to contingencies, should also form part of safety assessment.
Note: Amongst several criteria in establishing airspace structures, consideration should be given to the availability of radar monitoring. Particular attention should be given when designing cross-border structures.
1.4 PRINCIPLES FOR THE DESIGN OF AIRSPACE STRUCTURES
1.4.1 General
1.4.1.1 A number of essential principles regarding the delineation of airspace boundaries and conditions of use of any airspace structures are defined below to ensure common understanding and full awareness of all airspace users and ATM providers concerned, whilst avoiding waste of airspace and ensuring safe sharing use of airspace between civil and military operations.
1.4.1.2 These principles should be seen as an integrated approach to the delineation of airspace by adopting a common development process. This approach allows implementation according to the means (procedures and/or system) set in place.
1.4.1.3 As indicated in ICAO Doc 9554, paragraph 6.1, in order that due regard will be given to the safe and efficient operation of civil aircraft, States should ensure that military authorities responsible for the planning and conducting activities potentially hazardous to such aircraft are fully familiar with the area of activity in terms of:
一 type(s) of civil aircraft operations;
一 ATS airspace organisation and responsible controlling/monitoring unit(s);
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