.
Upper Flight Information Regions (UIRs) and Upper Control Areas (UTAs) for those portions of the upper airspace where it is desirable to limit the number of FIRs or CTAs through which high flying aircraft would otherwise have to operate -
UIRs or UTAs, as appropriate, shall be delineated to include the upper airspace within the lateral limits of a number of lower FIRs or CTAs.
1.2.1.2 FIR/UIR boundaries in the ECAC area are determined on the basis of European Regional (EUR) Air Navigation Agreements approved by the Council of ICAO to provide for the least number of such regions compatible with efficiency of service and with economy (see Doc 7754 – EUR Basic ANP – Part VII).
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1.2.1.3 Lateral and vertical limits of those portions of the airspace (UTA, CTA3, AWY, TMA, CTR), where ATC service will be provided are determined by individual States for the territories over which they have jurisdiction. However, ECAC States should establish Controlled Airspace in consistency with the FUA Concept to ensure that unnecessary restrictions are not imposed.
UIR/FIR (uncontrolled airspace)
UTA/CTA3 (‘Area Control’)
FIR(uncontrolled airspace) AWY CTR TMA FIR (uncontrolled airspace) CTR TMA AWY CTA CTR CTA
ECAC Airspace Vertical Organisation
1.2.2 Safety Measures relating to Military Activities - Civil/Military Co-ordination
1.2.2.1 ICAO Annex 11, paragraphs 2.15 and 2.16, and more particularly Doc 9554 contain provisions for the co-ordination between the military authorities planning activities potentially hazardous to civil aircraft and the responsible ATS authorities.
1.2.2.2 Within ECAC States, the objective of such civil/military co-ordination is to de-conflict military and civil operations4 to the effect that they do not constitute a danger for each other.
1.2.2.3 Through the application of the Flexible Use of Airspace (FUA) Concept, the best arrangements will be reached to ensure that military operations are conducted so as to minimise interference with the normal operations of civil aircraft. Ideally, this means the selection of locations outside promulgated ATS routes for the conduct of the potentially hazardous activities.
1.2.2.4 If the temporary closure of certain ATS routes is unavoidable, agreement should be sought by ATS authorities with the State(s) concerned on the temporary use of promulgated alternative routes bypassing the area of activity or, if no convenient promulgated alternative routes exist, on the establishment of temporary routes. Such type of agreement is covered for the ECAC States under the Conditional Route (CDR) Concept (see Section 4).
3 In the context of this manual, the term CTA is not used as a generic term, but only to designate a control area established in the form of an entire block of airspace with area control arrangements.
4 This includes Test Flights or any other aerial operations such as gliding, UAV, ballooning, …
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1.2.2.5 At present in the ECAC area, compatibility of civil and military operations is mainly governed by national rules which are in accordance with the level of civil/military ATS system inter-operability in place within each State. Regardless of the organisation adopted by the individual States, it has always been necessary to implement co-ordination procedures between civil and military ATS to ensure safe compatibility between Operational Air Traffic (OAT) and General Air Traffic (GAT) operating in the same airspace. Essentially, for the ECAC States, civil and military activities are reconciled either by the means of separating flights through tactical avoidance actions or by temporary segregation of airspace using the Temporary Airspace Allocation (TAA) process (see Section 3).
1.2.2.6 More generally the ICAO Convention states in Article 3(d), that "the contracting States undertake, when issuing regulations for their state aircraft, that they will have due regard for the safety of navigation of civil aircraft". The effect of the non-applicability of the ICAO Convention to military aviation, as stipulated in Article 3(a), has been, amongst other things, the setting aside of airspace temporarily reserved for the exclusive use of military aircraft within which the Convention has no application.
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