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Veillette, Patrick R. “Data Show That U.S. Wake-turbulence Accidents Are Most Frequent at Low
altitude and during approach and landing.” Flight Safety Digest Volume 21 (March–april 2002).
FSF Editorial Staff. “Cargo Airplane Strikes Frozen Sea During Approach in Whiteout Conditions.” Accident Prevention Volume 59 (January 2002).
FSF Editorial Staff. “Pitch Oscillations,
high descent Rate Precede B-727 Runway undershoot.” Accident Prevention Volume 58 (September 2001).
FSF editorial Staff. “Runway overrun occurs after Captain Cancels go-around.” Accident Prevention Volume 58 (June 2001).
Wilson, Dale R. “Darkness Increases Risks of
Flight.” Human Factors & Aviation Medicine Volume 46 (november–december 1999).
FSF Editorial Staff. “Unaware of Strong Crosswind, Fokker Crew Loses Control of
aircraft on landing.” Accident Prevention Volume 56 (november 1999).
FSF Editorial Staff. “Airplane’s Low-energy Condition and Degraded Wing Performance
Cited in unsuccessful go-around attempt.” Accident Prevention Volume 56 (July 1999).
FSF editorial Staff. “B-757 damaged by ground
Strike During Late Go-around From Visual approach.” Accident Prevention Volume 56 (May 1999).
FSF editorial Staff. “Boeing 767 descends Below glide Path, Strikes tail on landing.” Accident Prevention Volume 55 (February 1998).
FSF editorial Staff. “Md-88 Strikes approach light Structure in nonfatal accident.” Accident Prevention Volume 54 (december 1997).
FSF editorial Staff. “inadequate Visual References in Flight Pose Threat of Spatial disorientation.” Human Factors & Aviation Medicine Volume 44 (november–december 1997).
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Appendix
Turbojet Airplane Hard-landing Accidents and Incidents, 1996–2002
Date Location Airplane Type Airplane Damage Injuries
March 8, 1996 Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Boeing 767-300 substantial 100 none
Weather conditions were near the published minimums for the localizer back-course approach to Runway 06.The flight crew conducted the approach during nighttime, with freezing drizzle and winds from 090 degrees at five knots to 10 knots.The airplane was slightly right of the extended runway centerline when the crew saw the runway environment at the minimum descent altitude.The report said that the upsloping runway created a visual illusion that caused both pilots to perceive that the airplane was higher than it was and to make an unwarranted reduction of thrust about 10 seconds before touchdown.The airplane touched down hard 200 feet (61 meters) past the runway threshold; pitch attitude was higher than normal, and the airplane’s tail struck the runway.The report said that the flight crew did not use the runway’s precision approach path indicator (PAPI) lights for vertical guidance during the approach.
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