Stabilized Approach and Flare Are Keys to Avoiding Hard Landings
Flight crews primarily use their judgment to identify and report hard landings, but recorded
flight data also might be useful to gauge the severity of the impact before a conditional
maintenance inspection is performed. The accident record shows that hard landings often
involve substantial damage and sometimes result in fatalities.
— FSF Editorial StaFF
D
ata show that, as an accident type, Hard landings typically did not result in fatalities. hard landings have accounted for the The data for 1993 through 2002 show that 192 highest number of accidents world-people were killed in all types of landing accidents; wide among Western-built large the leading killers were CFIT and loss of control commercial jet airplanes. Of 385 total accidents in flight, each of which claimed more than 2,000 from 1993 through 2002, 54 were hard-landing lives during the period. accidents (table 1, page 2).1
of the 70 hard-landing accidents examined for this
Accidents resulting from hard landings surpassed article, three involved fatalities and serious inju-the number of accidents involving runway over-ries; another accident involved serious injuries but runs on landing (52), excursions off the sides of no fatalities (see “Turbojet Airplane Hard-landing runways on landing (42), landing gear failures accidents and incidents, 1996–2002,” page 17).3 during landing and takeoff (38) and controlled Sixty-six accidents involved minor injuries and/ flight into terrain (CFit; 33).2 or no injuries.
Table 1
Accidents Involving Western-built Large Commercial Jet Airplanes, 1993–20021
1 Data include airplanes heavier than 60,000 pounds/27,000 kilograms maximum gross weight, except those manufactured in the Commonwealth of Independent States and commercial airplanes in military service.
2 Miscellaneous accidents included the following:coffee-maker explosion,instrument error,flight attendant fall from door,jet blast,pilot incapacitation and turbulence injury.
3First-generation airplanes include the following:Boeing 707 and B-720;Breguet Mercure;Convair CV-880/-990;de Havilland Comet 4;Douglas DC-8; and SUD-Aviation Caravelle.
4 Second-generation airplanes include the following: Boeing 727 and B-737-100/-200; British Aircraft Corp. BAC 1-11; de Havilland Trident; Fokker F.28; Douglas DC-9; and Vickers VC-10.
5 Early wide-body airplanes include the following: Airbus A300; Boeing 747-100/-200/-300/SP; Lockheed L-1011; and Douglas DC-10.
6 Current airplanes include the following: Airbus A300-600, A310, A320/319/321, A330 and A340; Avro RJ-70/-85/-100; BAE Systems 146; Boeing 717, B-737-300/-400/-500/-600/-700/-800/-900, B-747-400, B-757, B-767 and B-777; Fokker 70 and Fokker 100; and McDonnell Douglas MD-11 and MD-80/-90.
Source: The Boeing Co.
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