Stabilized Approach And Flare Are Keys to Avoiding Hard Land(13)

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The other technique is to establish a steady side-
slip (forward slip) on final approach by applying
downwind rudder to align the airplane with the runway centerline and upwind aileron to lower the wing into the wind to prevent drift. The upwind
wheel(s) should touch down before the downwind wheel(s) touch down.
If the airport has more than one runway, the flight crew should land the airplane on the runway that has the most favorable wind conditions. Nevertheless, fac-tors such as airport maintenance or noise-abatement procedures sometimes preclude this. ICAO recommends that the crosswind component, including
gusts, should not exceed 15 knots
on the designated landing run-way.35 Adherence to this recom-mendation varies among ICAO
member states. at more than 300
air carrier airports, designation of the landing runway might be based on noise-abatement criteria rather than wind direction.36

The runway-allocation system in effect at Schiphol
Airport and a B-757 flight crew’s failure to calcu-late the crosswind component were among causal factors cited by the Dutch Transport Safety Board
(tSB) in the dec. 24, 1997, hard-landing accident
in Amsterdam, Netherlands.37
Surface winds were reported from 230 degrees at 33 knots, gusting to 45 knots, when the flight
crew conducted an approach to Runway 19R. The report said that the airport’s nighttime preferential-runway-allocation system pre-
cluded the use of Runway 24.
When the captain (the pilot flying) disengaged the autopilot about 100 feet agl, the airplane
yawed five degrees right and began to drift left. The captain made control inputs to correct the

Figure 1
Common Techniques for Crosswind landings

 

Crosswind

Crosswind
Component

Component

Crabbed Approach
Source: Flight Safety Foundation Approach-and-landing Accident Reduction (ALAR) Task Force

Sideslip
Approach

drift. Just before touchdown, a gust caused an increase in indicated airspeed and nose-up pitch attitude; the captain applied nose-down pitch control and reduced power. The airplane had a crab angle of eight degrees when the left-main landing gear and the nose landing gear touched down hard. The nose landing gear collapsed, and
the airplane slid about 3,000 meters (9,843 feet) before stopping off the side of the runway. Three of the 213 occupants received minor injuries
while evacuating the airplane.
The Dutch TSB, in its final report on the accident,
said that the following were causal factors:
. “[the] runway-allocation system at Schiphol
Airport resulted in strong crosswind condi-tions for the landing runway in use;
. “By the omission to state clear and definite
crosswind limitations in the [airline’s] operat-ing manual, a defense barrier against unsafe operations was [absent];
　
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