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independent of the domain, plus a large number of domain
entities.
In addition, an analysis was conducted of a sample of
differences observed between FCOMs of various airlines. This
analysis sought to characterize these differences in terms of the
AFP view, particularly with respect to act (domain or meta)
and phase (referential or operational) categories. The analysis
found consistent patterns of kinds of changes, as well as
patterns of act categories associated with each other in common
for single differences.
4.1. Analysis of extended section of FCOM
An extended AFP analysis was conducted for a ten-page sample
of the FMGS proceduresp resentedi n an airline’s FCOM for
the Airbus A320 aircraft. The sections analyzed, which present
FMGS procedures for flight-plan entry, were translated into
predicate expressions representing acts, entities, and domain
and abstract relations. As noted earlier, an act is something
performed by an agent, either the user or the system, that has
communicative value to the recipient of the act; acts are the
“verbs” of the representation. Entities are the “nouns” of the
representations. Relations am the “adjectives” of the
representation; they qualify or describe entities or relate acts
and entities to each other. A domain relation has meaning in
terms of the domain of the aircraft; it’s a relation that has
meaning that comes from the real world. An abstract relation
has meaning outside the domain; it’s a relation like “and’ or
“with” that could apply to any domain.
We found that both referential- and operational-phase acts were
expressed. Note that the acts, relations and entities were not
defined with formal semantics; they were treated as defined by
the commonsense meanings that arise out of their actual use in
the FCOM. In the case of some complex representations of
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domain entities that were not central to the process of encoding
the acts, the analysis substituted bracketed comments in place
of predicates.
The analysis identified 20 acts in these sections of the airline’s
FCOM. Some of these acts are relatively generic, such as
command, do, inform, offer-choice, request, select and use.
Others are more domain-specific, such as arm, check, clear,
display, modify, and power-cycle. Some of the acts, such as
entitle and mark, are clearly meta in the referential phase.
Overall, the set of acts appears to be relatively stable, in that
progressively fewer and fewer new acts were added as the
analysis progressed to additional procedures, and most of this
growth involved domain-specific acts. This suggests that, at
the generic level, the interactions in the FCOM are capable of
being abstracted into a finite set of dialogue acts.
The analysis identified 53 domain entities. That is, these are
unary predicates that represent static domain concepts, such as
destination,jlightplan and procedure. As in the case of domaindependent
relations, it appears that the set of domain entities
will continue to grow as additional procedures are analyzed.
Again, to a large extent, this simply reflects the fact that
additional procedures relate to new kinds of system functions or
flight phases, thus introducing new domain entities such as
navaid or departure.
The analysis identified ten relations that appear to be relatively
domain-independent. That is, these are predicates of one or
more arguments that classify or relate other predicates in terms
that do not seem to be specifically tied to the FCOM domain.
Examples of domain-independent relations include rmd and
denotes. As was the case for the domain-independent acts, the
rate of growth of the number of domain-independent relations
fell as additional procedures were analyzed. This suggests that
the set of generic, abstract relations necessary for the AFP
view is likely to be stable.
The analysis also identified 42 relations that appear to be
domain dependent. That is, these are predicates of one or more
arguments that classify or relate other predicates in terms of
domain-related concepts. Examples of domain-dependent
relations include authorized, mode and speed. In contrast to the
domain-independent relations, it appears that the set of dornaindependent
relations will continue to grow as additional
procedures are analyzed. To a large extent, this simply reflects
the fact that additional procedures relate to new kinds of system
functions or flight phases.
As the notions of entity and relation were defined syntactically,
based on whether or not the predicate had arguments, the
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